The effect of climate change on avian offspring production: A global meta-analysis

Climate change affects timing of reproduction in many bird species, but few studies have investigated its influence on annual reproductive output. Here, we assess changes in the annual production of young by female breeders in 201 populations of 104 bird species (N = 745,962 clutches) covering all continents between 1970 and 2019. Overall, average offspring production has declined in recent decades, but considerable differences were found among species and populations. A total of 56.7% of populations showed a declining trend in offspring production (significant in 17.4%), whereas 43.3% exhibited an increase (significant in 10.4%). The results show that climatic changes affect offspring production through compounded effects on ecological and life history traits of species. Migratory and larger-bodied species experienced reduced offspring production with increasing temperatures during the chick-rearing period, whereas smaller-bodied, sedentary species tended to produce more offspring. Likewise, multi-brooded species showed increased breeding success with increasing temperatures, whereas rising temperatures were unrelated to repro- ductive success in single-brooded species. Our study suggests that rapid declines in size of bird populations reported by many studies from different parts of the world are driven only to a small degree by changes in the production of young

Wpływ zestawu soli mineralnych, pH pożywki i regulatorów wzrostu na regenerację pędów Cotinus coggygria Scop. 'Royal Purple' in vitro

The smoke bush (Cotinus coggygria Scop.) is a popular and highly demanded ornamental shrub whose propagation can be problematic. The aim of the study was to test the effect of the mineral salt composition in the medium, concentration of plant growth regulators and the medium pH on the in vitro multiplication and shoot growth of C. coggygria Scop. ‘Royal Purple’. Shoot tips were cultured on the following media: Anderson (AN), Murashige and Skoog (MS) (full- , half- and quarter strength), Nitsch and Nitsch (NN), Quoirin and Lepoivre (QL) or Lloyd and McCown (WPM). Media were supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA) in combinations with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The medium type and a concentration of the cytokinin significantly affected the regeneration rate of explants, the number, length and weight of axillary shoots as well as callus growth. The MS medium containing full strength of mineral salts with pH 5.8 was the best. High shoot proliferation (100%) and the highest number of shoots per explant (4.6) were obtained due to the use of 1.0 mg·dm-3 BA in combination with 0.1 mg·dm-3 NAA .Perukowiec podolski (Cotinus coggygria Scop.) jest popularnym i poszukiwanym na rynku krzewem ozdobnym, którego rozmnażanie może sprawiać problemy. Celem badań było określenie wpływu zestawu soli mineralnych, stężenia regulatorów wzrostu oraz pH pożywki na regenerację i wzrost in vitro perukowca podolskiego C. coggygria Scop. ‘Royal Purple’. Wierzchołkowe fragmenty pędów wykładano na pożywki wg Andersona (AN), Murashige i Skoog (MS) (pełny zestaw, ½ lub ¼), Nitsch i Nitsch (NN), Quorin i Lepoivre (QL) oraz Lloyd i McCown (WPM). Pożywki wzbogacano w 6-benzyloadeninę (BA) w różnych stężeniach w kombinacji z kwasem naftylo-1- octowym (NAA). Wykazano istotny wpływ rodzaju pożywki i stężenia zastosowanej cytokininy na liczbę, długość i świeżą masę zregenerowanych pędów i wzrost kalusa. Najlepsze efekty uzyskano na pożywce MS o pełnym składzie makroskładników i pH 5,8. W obecności 1,0 mg·dm-3 BA i 0,1 mg·dm-3 NAA eksplantaty wierzchołkowe regenerowały w 100% i odznaczały się najwyższym współczynnikiem rozmnażania (4,6)

Nanoparticles containing allotropes of carbon have genotoxic effects on glioblastomamultiforme cells

Mateusz Hinzmann,1 Slawomir Jaworski,1 Marta Kutwin,1 Joanna Jagiello,2 Rafal Kozinski,2 Mateusz Wierzbicki,1 Marta Grodzik,1 Ludwika Lipinska,2 Ewa Sawosz,1 Andrè Chwalibog31Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 2Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Warsaw, Poland; 3Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkAbstract: The carbon-based nanomaterial family consists of nanoparticles containing allotropes of carbon, which may have a number of interactions with biological systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of nanoparticles comprised of pristine graphene, reduced graphene oxide, graphene oxide, graphite, and ultradispersed detonation diamond in a U87 cell line. The scope of the work consisted of structural analysis of the nanoparticles using transmission electron microscopy, evaluation of cell morphology, and assessment of cell viability by Trypan blue assay and level of DNA fragmentation of U87 cells after 24 hours of incubation with 50 µg/mL carbon nanoparticles. DNA fragmentation was studied using single-cell gel electrophoresis. Incubation with nanoparticles containing the allotropes of carbon did not alter the morphology of the U87 cancer cells. However, incubation with pristine graphene and reduced graphene oxide led to a significant decrease in cell viability, whereas incubation with graphene oxide, graphite, and ultradispersed detonation diamond led to a smaller decrease in cell viability. The results of a comet assay demonstrated that pristine graphene, reduced graphene oxide, graphite, and ultradispersed detonation diamond caused DNA damage and were therefore genotoxic in U87 cells, whereas graphene oxide was not.Keywords: nanostructures, graphene, graphite, diamond, glioblastoma multiforme, geno toxicit