PENGARUH PENDEKATAN REALISTIC MATHEMATICS EDUCATION TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS DAN KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIS SEKOLAH DASAR

Kemampuan berpikir kritis dan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis merupakan kemampuan yang sangat penting yang harus dimiliki siswa Sekolah Dasar. Hal ini akan membantu dalam mengembangkan potensi dirinya, dengan menitikberatkan pada kemampuan dalam berpikir dan bertindak secara normatif, dan siap bernalar dari apa yang dilihat maupun didengar sehingga dapat menyelesaikan permasalahan yang dihadapinya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, oleh karena itu peranan guru sebagai tenaga pendidik secara professional menjadi penentu dalam menjembatani siswa melalui pembelajaran yang berkualitas. Namun kenyataannya berkaitan dengan proses pembelajaran matematika di SD proses pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan belum memberikan kesempatan siswa dalam menggali potensi dirinya dalam berpikir kritis dan menyelesaikan permasalahan. Sehingga perlu dicari alternatif pembelajaran yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan kemampuan pemecahan masalah. Pendekatan Realistic Mathematics Education merupakan salah satu alternatif yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah pendekatan Realistic Mathematics Education dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis dalam pembelajaran matematika di Sekolah Dasar. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan menggunakan metode kuasi eksperimen dengan desain kelompok kontrol non-Ekuivalen. Sampel dalam penelitian adalah siswa kelas IV pada salah satu SD di Kabupaten Garut. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan tes berbentuk uraian dan lembar observasi selama proses pembelajaran. Untuk pengolahan data digunakan program SPSS versi 20. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian berupa skor N-gain dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji t-tes. Hasil penelitian yang dianalisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis yang belajar melalui pendekatan Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) dengan yang menggunakan pembelajaran biasa. Jadi dapat disimpulkan peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis dengan menggunakan Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) lebih baik dari siswa yang mendapatkan pembelajaran biasa ---------- Critical thinking skills and mathematical problem solving ability is a very important capability that should be owned by elementary school students. These abilities would help students to improve their potential, with concern on the ability to think and act as normative, and ready to have a reason of what is seen and heard so that they can solve their problems in daily life, therefore the role of the teacher as professional educators be decisive in bridging the students through quality learning. But in the reality, relates to the process of learning mathematics in elementary school, learning process which implemented yet provide an opportunity for students to explore their potential in critical thinking to solve the problems. so it is necessary to find an alternative learning that can improve critical thinking skills and problem solving skills. Realistic Mathematics Education approach is one alternative that is used to improve critical thinking skills and mathematical problem-solving abilities. This research aims to determine whether Realistic Mathematics Education approach can improve the ability of critical thinking and mathematical problem solving ability in mathematics in elementary school. This research was conducted using a quasi-experimental design with a control group of non-Equivalent. Samples were fourth grade students in one elementary school in Garut. Data collected by the description and the sheet-shaped test observations during the learning process. For data processing used SPSS version 20. Based on the results of research in the form of N-gain scores were analyzed using t-test, which analyzed research results show that there are increasing in the ability of critical thinking and problem solving skills are learned through mathematical approach Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) with the use of regular learning. So we can conclude the increase in critical thinking skills and mathematical problem-solving abilities by using Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) is better than the students who get regular learnin

Applying genetic technologies to combat infectious diseases in aquaculture

Disease and parasitism cause major welfare, environmental and economic concerns for global aquaculture. In this review, we examine the status and potential of technologies that exploit genetic variation in host resistance to tackle this problem. We argue that there is an urgent need to improve understanding of the genetic mechanisms involved, leading to the development of tools that can be applied to boost host resistance and reduce the disease burden. We draw on two pressing global disease problems as case studies—sea lice infestations in salmonids and white spot syndrome in shrimp. We review how the latest genetic technologies can be capitalised upon to determine the mechanisms underlying inter- and intra-species variation in pathogen/ parasite resistance, and how the derived knowledge could be applied to boost disease resistance using selective breeding, gene editing and/or with targeted feed treatments and vaccines. Gene editing brings novel opportunities, but also implementation and dissemination challenges, and necessitates new protocols to integrate the technology into aquaculture breeding programmes. There is also an ongoing need to minimise risks of disease agents evolving to overcome genetic improvements to host resistance, and insights from epidemiological and evolutionary models of pathogen infestation in wild and cultured host populations are explored. Ethical issues around the different approaches for achieving genetic resistance are discussed. Application of genetic technologies and approaches has potential to improve fundamental knowledge of mechanisms affecting genetic resistance and provide effective pathways for implementation that could lead to more resistant aquaculture stocks, transforming global aquaculture.publishedVersio

Evolutionary consequences of life history variation in galaxiid fish

This thesis examined genetic variation among populations of galaxiid fish of different life histories. Evidence of incipient speciation was found among several landlocked populations; however, little genetic differentiation was found among Australian coastal populations. Evidence was found to suggest a marine ancestry for galaxiids and several taxonomic revisions were suggested

A review of genetic influences from escaped farmed Atlantic salmon on wild Atlantic salmon populations

This report entails a critical review of current knowledge concerning the interactions between farmed and wild Atlantic salmon populations with specific relevance to Norway, and also discusses current knowledge regarding the effective management of wild populations of this species. The report details information on the aquaculture production, life history, distribution and population structure, genetic interactions and conservation of Atlantic salmon. Furthermore, a separate chapter discusses future research areas which need attention.Rapport/Report 16/2011 norsk sammendragA review of genetic influences from escaped farmed Atlantic salmon on wild Atlantic salmon populationspublishedVersio

Rapport/Report 1/2015 – English summary

-Produksjon av rognkjeks som rensefisk forventes å bli basert på oppdrettet stamfisk i nær fremtid, og det er derfor viktig å etablere en eller flere stamfiskpopulasjoner/avlspopulasjoner hvor innavlen holdes på et akseptabelt nivå. Avlspopulasjoner kan etableres hos hver enkelt oppdretter, et avlsselskap eller ved en nasjonal avlsstasjon. For å unngå for rask innavlsøking i den lukkede populasjonen er det viktig å ha et stort nok antall hanner og hunner (minst 50 totalt), og sørge for utjevning av familiestørrelse f.eks. ved uttelling av larver etter klekking i separate klekkebakker eller ved å benytte flere paringskombinasjoner av hunner og hanner i et faktorielt paringsdesign. Foreslåtte avlsprogram for rognkjeks er masseseleksjon med eller uten bruk av genetiske markører eller et familiebasert avlsprogram. Hvilket alternativ man velger avhenger av hvilke ressurser som er tilgjengelige og hvilke egenskaper det skal selekteres for. Når man driver et avlsarbeid er det viktig å ha en effektiv distribuering av det forbedrede materialet til oppdrettere. Dette kan enten skje ved at egg sendes ut til oppdretterne direkte fra avlsstasjonen/avlskjernen eller ved at det etableres oppformeringsenheter. Videre utvikling av kunnskap og erfaring samt næringens struktur og omfang vil påvirke hvilke alternativer som velges for forvaltning av rognkjeks.The production of lump fish, a cleaner fish for salmon lice, is expected to be based on farmed brood fish in the near future. A closed breeding population runs the risk of becoming inbred, and it is necessary to establish breeding populations which keep inbreeding at an acceptable level. Large number of males and females (minimum 50) and standardization of family size are key factors. Suggested breeding programs for lumpfish are mass selection, with or without the use of genetic markers, or a family based breeding program. The choice of breeding program depends on the resources available and traits selected for. An efficient dissemination of the improved fish to farmers is important, and can be organized directly from breeding station or nucleus or through multiplier units. Further development of knowledge and experience as well as the structure and scale of the industry will be important factors to consider when deciding on the dissemination strategy for improved lump fish

Genetic variation in Norwegian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) associated with anthropogenic activity - Technical report

Atlantic salmon populations are affected by a number of different anthropogenic activities on local to regional scales. In a recently updated salmon register for Norway maintained by the Directorate for Nature Management (2012), the salmon populations in 54 rivers are categorised as being critically endangered or extinct in the wild. Waterway regulation and acidification are listed as being the most important cause of extinction in 23 and 14 of these rivers, respectively. Given these effects on population viability and productivity, it would be interesting to know whether it is possible to detect effects of waterway regulation and acidification at the genetic level; either through loss of genetic variability or through adaptive responses to altered selective regimes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess genetic variation in populations of Atlantic salmon in western Norway that have experienced environmental changes due to river acidification and waterway regulation. Genomic variation was assessed at 3761 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in Atlantic salmon from 25 salmon populations in western and south western Norway. This study identified SNPs which differentiate samples that are affected by acidification and waterway regulation from those that are unaffected, or affected to a lesser degree. It is possible that these SNP markers differentiate the populations due to selection acting on genes closely linked to these loci; however, other mechanisms can also cause such differentiation. Although the rivers in this study were chosen based on their history of acidification and/or regulation, it is likely that these rivers have been affected by other anthropogenic factors. The scope of the present study did not allow for accurate testing of selection of these markers due to the lack of historical samples and low sample sizes, however selection cannot be excluded as the cause of genetic differentiation. In order to determine the fitness consequences in populations of Atlantic salmon affected by these studied anthropogenic activities, it will be necessary to include more samples from a greater distribution to estimate population size changes and changes in genetic variation over a temporal time scale

Genetic variation in Norwegian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) associated with anthropogenic activity - Technical report

-Atlantic salmon populations are affected by a number of different anthropogenic activities on local to regional scales. In a recently updated salmon register for Norway maintained by the Directorate for Nature Management (2012), the salmon populations in 54 rivers are categorised as being critically endangered or extinct in the wild. Waterway regulation and acidification are listed as being the most important cause of extinction in 23 and 14 of these rivers, respectively. Given these effects on population viability and productivity, it would be interesting to know whether it is possible to detect effects of waterway regulation and acidification at the genetic level; either through loss of genetic variability or through adaptive responses to altered selective regimes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess genetic variation in populations of Atlantic salmon in western Norway that have experienced environmental changes due to river acidification and waterway regulation. Genomic variation was assessed at 3761 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in Atlantic salmon from 25 salmon populations in western and south western Norway. This study identified SNPs which differentiate samples that are affected by acidification and waterway regulation from those that are unaffected, or affected to a lesser degree. It is possible that these SNP markers differentiate the populations due to selection acting on genes closely linked to these loci; however, other mechanisms can also cause such differentiation. Although the rivers in this study were chosen based on their history of acidification and/or regulation, it is likely that these rivers have been affected by other anthropogenic factors. The scope of the present study did not allow for accurate testing of selection of these markers due to the lack of historical samples and low sample sizes, however selection cannot be excluded as the cause of genetic differentiation. In order to determine the fitness consequences in populations of Atlantic salmon affected by these studied anthropogenic activities, it will be necessary to include more samples from a greater distribution to estimate population size changes and changes in genetic variation over a temporal time scale