How do Lawyers Examine and Cross-Examine Children in Scotland?

In the first study to systematically assess lawyers' questioning of children in Scotland, we examined 56 trial transcripts of 5- to 17-year-old children testifying as alleged victims of sexual abuse, focusing on differences between prosecutors and defense lawyers with respect to the types of questions asked and effects on witnesses' responses. Prosecutors used more invitations, directives, and option-posing prompts than defense lawyers, who used more suggestive prompts than prosecutors. Children were more unresponsive and less informative when answering defense lawyers than prosecutors. All children contradicted themselves at least once, with defense lawyers eliciting more self-contradictions than prosecutors. Suggestive questions were most likely to elicit self-contradictions, with suggestive confrontational and introductory questions eliciting significantly more self-contradictions than suggestive suppositions. Children also acquiesced more in response to tagged suggestions than untagged suggestions. Overall, lawyers altered their behavior little in response to variations in children's ages.This research was supported by an Economic and Social Research Council studentship to Samantha J. Andrews

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

A further study of retinal locus as a factor in the recognition of English and Jewish words.

Ever since 1929, when Lashley (14) published the results of his brain-extirpation experiments and Kohler (11) his critique of associationism and behaviorism, psychologists have been prone to tacit acceptance of the equipotentiality hypothesis. For over two decades, many a contemporary theorist has conceded Lashley’s argument and, consequently, has assumed that some form of configuration theory constitutes the only adequate attack upon behavioral problems. [...] The recognition-differential for Jewish words, although in the opposite direction from the English differential, was small and, consequently, one could argue that the conditions for Jewish-word recognition were, in some way, qualitatively different from that of the English words. It appeared to the present author that, if one could find more fluent readers of both English and Jewish, one might obtain more conclusive evidence one way or the other. Such evidence is necessary before the broader significance of Mishkin and Forgays’ work can be established: that the locus of excitation plays a determining role in the recognition of visually perceived words