A hyperalgebraic proof of the isomorphism and isogeny theorems for reductive groups

textabstractWe examined whether specific input data and assumptions explain outcome differences in otherwise comparable health impact assessment models. Seven population health models estimating the impact of salt reduction on morbidity and mortality in western populations were compared on four sets of key features, their underlying assumptions and input data. Next, assumptions and input data were varied one by one in a default approach (the DYNAMO-HIA model) to examine how it influences the estimated health impact. Major differences in outcome were related to the size and shape of the dose-response relation between salt and blood pressure and blood pressure and disease. Modifying the effect sizes in the salt to health association resulted in the largest change in health impact estimates (33% lower), whereas other changes had less influence. Differences in health impact assessment model structure and input data may affect the health impact estimate. Therefore, clearly defined assumptions and transparent reporting for different models is crucial. However, the estimated impact of salt reduction was substantial in all of the models used, emphasizing the need for public health actions

Estimating the costs of air pollution to the National Health Service and social care : An assessment and forecast up to 2035

BACKGROUND: Air pollution damages health by promoting the onset of some non-communicable diseases (NCDs), putting additional strain on the National Health Service (NHS) and social care. This study quantifies the total health and related NHS and social care cost burden due to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in England. METHOD AND FINDINGS: Air pollutant concentration surfaces from land use regression models and cost data from hospital admissions data and a literature review were fed into a microsimulation model, that was run from 2015 to 2035. Different scenarios were modelled: (1) baseline 'no change' scenario; (2) individuals' pollutant exposure is reduced to natural (non-anthropogenic) levels to compute the disease cases attributable to PM2.5 and NO2; (3) PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations reduced by 1 μg/m3; and (4) NO2 annual European Union limit values reached (40 μg/m3). For the 18 years after baseline, the total cumulative cost to the NHS and social care is estimated at £5.37 billion for PM2.5 and NO2 combined, rising to £18.57 billion when costs for diseases for which there is less robust evidence are included. These costs are due to the cumulative incidence of air-pollution-related NCDs, such as 348,878 coronary heart disease cases estimated to be attributable to PM2.5 and 573,363 diabetes cases estimated to be attributable to NO2 by 2035. Findings from modelling studies are limited by the conceptual model, assumptions, and the availability and quality of input data. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 2.5 million cases of NCDs attributable to air pollution are predicted by 2035 if PM2.5 and NO2 stay at current levels, making air pollution an important public health priority. In future work, the modelling framework should be updated to include multi-pollutant exposure-response functions, as well as to disaggregate results by socioeconomic status

Gain in life expectancy for men and women aged 60 between 3 gram salt reduction and current salt intake for the various simulations.

<p>Gain in life expectancy for men and women aged 60 between 3 gram salt reduction and current salt intake for the various simulations.</p

Four key features and its underlying assumptions and input data of the modelling approaches of salt reduction.

<p>Four key features and its underlying assumptions and input data of the modelling approaches of salt reduction.</p

Overview of the assumptions and input data within the DYNAMO-HIA approach (default situation) and its modifications in the alternative simulations.

<p>Overview of the assumptions and input data within the DYNAMO-HIA approach (default situation) and its modifications in the alternative simulations.</p

Comparison of main model features of the models that calculated health impact of salt intake reduction.

<p>Comparison of main model features of the models that calculated health impact of salt intake reduction.</p

Effect of eight modifiable assumptions and input data on the health impact estimate of a 3 gram salt reduction using the DYNAMO-HIA model.

<p>Effect of eight modifiable assumptions and input data on the health impact estimate of a 3 gram salt reduction using the DYNAMO-HIA model.</p