Formulation and in vitro evaluation of orodispersible tablets of fexofenadine hydrochloride

Purpose: To develop orodispersible tablets (ODTs) of fexofenadine hydrochloride using three different superdisintegrants in various ratios and to compare their disintegration properties.Methods: Direct compression technique was used for the preparation of ODTs. Mannitol and Avicel CE-15 (microcrystalline cellulose and guar gum) were used as direct compression diluents. The disintegration time of tablets using each polymer (superdisintegrant) was evaluated as well as othertablet properties including weight fluctuation, hardness, friability, wetting time and water absorption ratio.Results: Satisfactory values were obtained for all the evaluated parameters. As the polymer concentration increased, there was a decrease in disintegration time. A comparison of the three different polymers used revealed that CCM3 formulated with 12 % croscarmellose sodium and 14.66 % lactose had the least disintegration time of 32.33 ± 3.23 s. In vitro release studies showed that the maximum drug release of 94.38 ± 0.12 % in 25 min was obtained for ODT tablets containing croscarmellose sodium (CCM3).Conclusion: The orodispersible tablets had quick disintegrating property which was achieved using superdisintegrants. Thus, superdisintegrants improve the disintegration efficiency of orodispersible fexofenadine tablets at low concentrations, when compared to traditional disintegrants. Keywords: Croscarmellose sodium, Direct compression, Fexofenadine, Orodispersible tablet

Therapeutic potential of oleic acid nanovesicles prepared from petroleum ether extract of Sargassum binderi in streptozotocin–induced diabetic wound in Wistar rats

Purpose: To study the effectiveness of phyto-oleic acid nanovesicles (PONVs) developed from Sargassum binderi (an alga) in healing diabetic wound in a rat model, and to establish the associated changes in cytokine network.Methods: Phyto-extract was obtained from the whole plant of Sargassum binderi by Soxhlet extraction using petroleum ether as solvent. The crude extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis and used in the formulation of POVNs. The PONVs were formulated by entrapping petroleum ether extract of Sargassum binderi using the film hydration technique. Wound healing property was determined by measuring both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: Tannins and steroids were the major components of the petroleum ether extract of Sargassum binderi. Serum cytokine levels were increased after inducing diabetes and creating the wound. The serum levels of IL-2, TNF-α and IL-1β were 37.3 ± 3.3, 76.3 ± 5.2 and 3307.6 ± 350 pg/ml, respectively. Treatment with PONVs modulated the serum cytokine levels through significant decreases in serum IL-2, TNF-α, IL-1β levels, and significant elevation of serum IL-4.Conclusion: These results indicate that PONVs have promising potentials for application as topical treatment for diabetic wounds.Keywords: Brown algae, Sargassum binderi, Oleic acid nanovesicles, Diabetic wound, Cytokine

Bioactive constituents and in vitro antibacterial properties of Petroselinum crispum leaves, a common food herb in Saudi Arabia

445-450Herbs used as daily food additives are good resources for novel pharmaceutical agents. The study investigated the bioactive components of cold methanol maceration extract of Petroselinum crispum leaves. Spectral analysis with GC-MS and FT-IR studies demonstrated the presence of fatty acids and steroids, with fatty acids being the predominant components. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 13-docosenoic acid methyl ester, (Z), cis-13-docosenoic acid, cis-11-eicosenoic acid methyl ester, 11-octadecenoic acid (stearate), methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid (palmitate) methyl ester, 15-tetracosenoic acid methyl ester (Z), cyclopentanone, 3,4-bis(methylene), and stigmastan-3-ol, 5-chloro- acetate. The FT-IR analysis of the fingerprint region displayed significant peaks at 3176.08, 2949, 2173, and 1018 cm-1, indicating the presence of aliphatic amino acids, steroidal compounds, isothiocyanates, polysaccharides, tannins and saponins. The cold methanolic extract (CME) of P. crispum produced a low spectrum of antibacterial effects against some screened human pathogenic bacteria and the phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, and saponins. The extract exhibited a better spectrum of activity against Gram-negative bacteria than against Gram-positive bacteria

Bioactive constituents and in vitro antibacterial properties of Petroselinum crispum leaves, a common food herb in Saudi Arabia

Herbs used as daily food additives are good resources for novel pharmaceutical agents. The study investigated the bioactive components of cold methanol maceration extract of Petroselinum crispum leaves. Spectral analysis with GC-MS and FT-IR studies demonstrated the presence of fatty acids and steroids, with fatty acids being the predominant components. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 13-docosenoic acid methyl ester, (Z), cis-13-docosenoic acid, cis-11-eicosenoic acid methyl ester, 11-octadecenoic acid (stearate), methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid (palmitate) methyl ester, 15-tetracosenoic acid methyl ester (Z), cyclopentanone, 3,4-bis(methylene), and stigmastan-3-ol, 5-chloro- acetate. The FT-IR analysis of the fingerprint region displayed significant peaks at 3176.08, 2949, 2173, and 1018 cm-1, indicating the presence of aliphatic amino acids, steroidal compounds, isothiocyanates, polysaccharides, tannins and saponins. The cold methanolic extract (CME) of P. crispum produced a low spectrum of antibacterial effects against some screened human pathogenic bacteria and the phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, and saponins. The extract exhibited a better spectrum of activity against Gram-negative bacteria than against Gram-positive bacteria

Potency of nano-antibacterial formulation from Sargassum binderi against selected human pathogenic bacteria

Seaweeds constitutes an abundant marine reserve that can be harnessed as source of new pharmaceutical agents. Sargassum binderi Sonder ex J. Agardh is a brown seaweed that is predominantly available from December to March in the Red Sea, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In this study, three extracts were isolated using three different techniques, and were subjected to antibacterial assay. The petroleum ether extract of Sargassum binderi was more effective against selected human pathogenic bacteria than the other extracts. Therefore, further studies were focused on developing oleic acid vesicles entrapped with the petroleum ether extract of Sargassum binderi, with the aim of enhancing its penetration property. Oleic acid vesicles were prepared by entrapping petroleum ether extract of Sargassum binderi using film hydration technique. The formulated vesicles were in nanoscale, and so were termed phyto-nanovesicles (PNVs). The spectrum of antibacterial activity of PNVs showed that it is a promising formulation against S. aureus, S. pyogenes, B. subtilis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. The microbial sensitivities to the PNVs was in the order E.coli > B. subtilis > S. aureus > S. pyogenes > K. pneumoniae > P. aeruginosa. Thus, the PNV formulation possesses promising and effective antimicrobial potential against human pathogenic bacteria

Potency of nano-antibacterial formulation from Sargassum binderi against selected human pathogenic bacteria

Seaweeds constitutes an abundant marine reserve that can be harnessed as source of new pharmaceutical agents. Sargassum binderi Sonder ex J. Agardh is a brown seaweed that is predominantly available from December to March in the Red Sea, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In this study, three extracts were isolated using three different techniques, and were subjected to antibacterial assay. The petroleum ether extract of Sargassum binderi was more effective against selected human pathogenic bacteria than the other extracts. Therefore, further studies were focused on developing oleic acid vesicles entrapped with the petroleum ether extract of Sargassum binderi, with the aim of enhancing its penetration property. Oleic acid vesicles were prepared by entrapping petroleum ether extract of Sargassum binderi using film hydration technique. The formulated vesicles were in nanoscale, and so were termed phyto-nanovesicles (PNVs). The spectrum of antibacterial activity of PNVs showed that it is a promising formulation against S. aureus, S. pyogenes, B. subtilis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. The microbial sensitivities to the PNVs was in the order E.coli > B. subtilis > S. aureus > S. pyogenes > K. pneumoniae > P. aeruginosa. Thus, the PNV formulation possesses promising and effective antimicrobial potential against human pathogenic bacteria

Application of box – Behnken design in the optimization and preparation of salicylic acid nanopowder using solvent-free green mechanochemical approach

Background: One of the imperative progressions within the pharmaceutical industry, especially drugs, is the expanded utilization of materials in order to enhance its dissolution, solubility and bioavailability. Planetary ball monomill approach can be the latest entrant to Green nanotechnology – being solvent-free, eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable particle size reduction approach. Objectives: Salicylic acid nanopowder (SA-NP) was aimed to be prepared using planetary ball monomill by dry milling technique to enhance its solubility and bioavailability. Methods: Various milling parameters such as milling speed, milling time and number of balls was varied and their effect on dependent responses including size (nm) and polydispersity indices (PDI) were evaluated using a 3–Factorial-3–Level Box-Behnken statistical design. Particle size and PDI analysis was performed using light scattering technique. Results: The particle size of salicylic acid obtained by optimizing the dry milling parameters was Z-Average (d.nm): 776.3 nm and PDI: 0.600 up to Z-Average (d. nm): 205.0 nm and PDI: 0.383. Conclusions: Dry milling can be used for the preparation of nanopowders of drug candidates with poor water-solubility issues. Present day medications have nano-scaled active ingredients which are rapidly absorbed by the human body as compared to the conventional ones. Enlarged surface area increases the solubility of the drug, thereby improves its bioavailability

Advancements in Vaccine Adjuvants: The Journey from Alum to Nano Formulations

Vaccination is a groundbreaking approach in preventing and controlling infectious diseases. However, the effectiveness of vaccines can be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of adjuvants, which are substances that potentiate and modulate the immune response. This review is based on extensive searches in reputable databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The goal of this review is to provide a thorough analysis of the advances in the field of adjuvant research, to trace the evolution, and to understand the effects of the various adjuvants. Historically, alum was the pioneer in the field of adjuvants because it was the first to be approved for use in humans. It served as the foundation for subsequent research and innovation in the field. As science progressed, research shifted to identifying and exploiting the potential of newer adjuvants. One important area of interest is nano formulations. These advanced adjuvants have special properties that can be tailored to enhance the immune response to vaccines. The transition from traditional alum-based adjuvants to nano formulations is indicative of the dynamism and potential of vaccine research. Innovations in adjuvant research, particularly the development of nano formulations, are a promising step toward improving vaccine efficacy and safety. These advances have the potential to redefine the boundaries of vaccination and potentially expand the range of diseases that can be addressed with this approach. There is an optimistic view of the future in which improved vaccine formulations will contribute significantly to improving global health outcomes