Wilhelm Tell vor Schiller

In Switzerland the figure of Wilhelm Tell represented two traditions, on one hand the hero expressing the proud of the confederates, on the other the incarnation of the oppressed in general. In the play 'Grisler ou l’Helvétie délivrée' (1748) by the Bernese author Samuel Henzi, the figure of the despot Grisler is central, and Tell stands in opposition to him. After the overturn of the tyrant, a republican programme is published that founded upon the idea of equality before the law. In the tragedy 'Guillaume Tell' (1766) by Antoine-Marin Lemierre, virtue and the sense of liberty are related to the topological motive of the mountains. Here, Tell does not appear any more as a loner but as one of the confederates. At the time of the French Revolution, Tell becomes – at the side of Brutus – an emblematic figure of peoples resistance against tyranny, and Lemierre's play is widely known. In addition, Schiller, in his 'Wilhelm Tell' (1804), also associated the idea of Swiss freedom to the idea of sublime nature as it is seen in travelogues. His play, however, resists the usurpation of the Tell figure by the Jacobins who support a community based on fraternity which should replace the former social model marked by the figure of the super-father.In der Schweiz repräsentierte die Figur Tells zwei Traditionen, einerseits den Helden, der das Selbstbewusstsein der Eidgenossen zum Ausdruck bringt, andererseits die Verkörperung der Unterdrückten generell. Im Stück des Berners Samuel Henzi 'Grisler ou l’Helvétie délivrée' (1748) steht die Figur des Despoten Grisler im Zentrum, dem sich Tell widersetzt. Nachdem der Tyrann gestürzt ist, wird ein republikanisches Programm verkündet, das auf der Idee der Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz beruht. In der Tragödie 'Guillaume Tell' (1766) von Antoine-Marin Lemierre werden Tugend und Freiheitssinn mit dem topologischen Motiv der Berge in Verbindung gebracht. Tell erscheint hier nicht mehr als Einzelgänger, sondern als einer der Mit-Eidgenossen. Zur Zeit der Französischen Revolution wird Wilhelm Tell neben Brutus zu einer emblematischen Figur des Widerstandes des Volkes gegen die Tyrannei und das Stück von Lemierre kennt nun eine große Resonanz. Auch Schiller assoziierte in seinem 'Wilhelm Tell' (1804) die Idee der Schweizer Freiheit an die Vorstellung einer sublimen Natur, wie sie in den Reiseberichten verbreitet wurde. Sein Stück widersetzte sich jedoch der Vereinnahmung der Figur Tells durch die Jakobiner und beschwor eine Gemeinschaft, die auf Brüderlichkeit beruhte, die das alte Gesellschafts-Modell, das durch die Figur des Über-Vaters geprägt war, ablösen sollte

Les-Arten. Rezeptions- und Lektüreforschung und ihre Folgen für das Literaturverständnis.

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Influence of bolus size and chewing side on temporomandibular joint intra-articular space during mastication

Previous studies suggested that, during mastication, magnitude and location of mechanical load in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) might depend on chewing side and bolus size. Aim of this study was to dynamically measure the TMJ space while chewing on standardized boluses to assess the relationship among minimum intra-articular distances (MID), their location on the condylar surface, bolus size, and chewing side. Mandibular movements of 12 participants (6f, 24±1y.o.; 6 m, 28±6y.o.) were tracked optoelectronically while chewing unilaterally on rubber boluses of 15 × 15 × 5, 15 × 15 × 10, and 15 × 15 × 15 mm3 size. MID and their location along the main condylar axis were determined with dynamic stereometry. MID were normalized on the intra-articular distance in centric occlusion. Repeated measures ANOVA (α = 0.05) showed that MID were smaller on the balancing (0.74±0.19) than on the working condyle (0.89±0.16) independently of bolus size (p < 0.0001). MIDs did not differ between 5 and 10 mm bolus thicknesses (0.80±0.17) but increased for 15 mm (0.85±0.22, p = 0.024) and were located mostly laterally, close to the condylar center. This study confirmed higher reduction of TMJ space on the balancing than on the working condyle during mastication. Intra-articular distances increased significantly for the greatest bolus thickness. Loaded areas were located laterally, for both working and balancing joint

A study on the influence of fast amide exchange on the accuracy of 15N relaxation rate constants

15N relaxation rates of amide moieties provide insight both into global as well as local backbone dynamics of peptides and proteins. As the differences in the relaxation rates in general are small, their accurate determination is of prime importance. One potential source of error is fast amide exchange. It is well known that in its presence the effects of saturation transfer and H/D exchange may result in erroneous apparent relaxation rates R 1 and R 2. Here, the extent of these errors is rigorously examined. Theoretical considerations reveal that even when saturation effects are absent, H/D exchange will easily result in significant deviations from the true values. In particular overestimations of up to 10 % in R 1 and up to 5 % in R 2 are observed. An alternative scheme for fitting the relaxation data to the corresponding exponentials is presented that in the best cases not only delivers more accurate relaxation rates but also allows extracting estimates for the exchange rates. The theoretical computations were tested and verified for the case of ubiquiti

LA RÉCEPTION LITTÉRAIRE TRANSNATIONALE

O artigo trata da multiplicidade de relações entre literatura e nação. Sobretudo, os casos francófono e germânico são examinados para explorar como a literatura jogou um papel fundador nos processos de constituição das nações modernas, notadamente diante a ausência de estruturas políticas nacionais. O que se distingue de outros contextos nos quais a literatura se tornou um atributo importante de uma nação politicamente constituída

„Ah Dieu ! que la guerre est jolie“ (Apollinaire). Die ästhetische Valorisierung des Kriegs durch die französische Avantgarde

Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, aus welchen Gründen sich Schriftsteller, die als links und avantgardistisch eingestuft werden, sich dem « Burgfrieden » in Frankreich anschließen. Eine entscheidende Rolle spielt hierbei die soziokulturelle Disposition. Deklassierte wie Menschen fremder Herkunft und Angehörige von Minderheiten sind an vorderster Front an literarischer Innovation beteiligt. Sie müssen im Kriegsfall ihren Patriotismus beweisen. Ein Dichter wie Apollinaire, der polnische Vorfahren hat, verherrlicht den Krieg nicht ästhetisch, sondern verteidigt das Leben im Tod, den Friedens im Krieg. Er will die grausame Realität des Krieges durch vielfältige innovative literarische Formen humanisieren.La contribution se propose de retracer les raisons pour lesquelles les écrivains considérés comme de gauche et comme avant-gardistes se joignent au consensus national en France. La disposition socio-culturelle - l’origine étrangère ou l’appartenance à une minorité - joue un rôle-clé. Les déclassés sont le moteur de l’innovation littéraire. Ils doivent faire preuve de patriotisme en cas de guerre. Apollinaire, d’origine polonaise, ne valorise pas esthétiquement la guerre. Il défend la vie dans la mort, la paix dans la guerre. Il s’efforce d’humaniser la guerre cruelle au moyen de formes littéraires innovatrices.This article tackles the question of why writers who were considered to be left wing and to belong to the avant-garde joined the national consensus in France. Here, the socio-cultural disposition plays a decisive part. Outcasts as well as people with foreign origins or belonging to minorities are in the lead where literary innovation is concerned. In wartime they have to prove that they are patriots. A poet like Apollinaire, who has Polish ancestors, does not glorify war aesthetically but fends for life in death and for peace in war. He attempts to humanise the frightful reality of war through recourse to a variety of innovative literary forms