Recolección de hongos comestibles silvestres en el contexto del pastoreo de alta montaña en la localidad de Agua Blanca en el Nevado de Toluca, México

Objective: Describe the collection of wild edible mushrooms that occurs in the rainy season in Agua Blanca, located in the Area of Protection of Flora and Fauna Nevado de Toluca Design, methodology and approximation: Simple case study with qualitative perspective and ethnomethodological approach. Results: They were detected 57 species of wild edible mushrooms that are collected in the context of high mountain grazing, being the production and management of sheep the main productive and economic activity in which they spend their time, alternating this activity with the mushrooms harvesting in rainy season. Limitations and implications: It is a descriptive and exploratory work that only allows contributing to the documentation of the phenomenon within the study area. Findings and conclusions: Mushroom harvesting is a complementary activity to livestock grazing and an opportunity to obtain extra income that allows families to survive during this season.Objetivo: Describir la recolección de hongos comestibles silvestres que se da en temporada de lluvias en la localidad Agua Blanca, ubicada en el Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Nevado de Toluca Diseño, metodología y aproximación: Estudio de caso simple con perspectiva cualitativa y aproximación etnometodológica. Resultados: Fueron detectadas 57 especies de hongos comestibles silvestres que se recolectan en el contexto de pastoreo de alta montaña, siendo la producción y manejo de ganado ovino la principal actividad productiva y económica en la que emplean su tiempo, alternando esta actividad con la recolección de hongos en temporada de lluvias. Limitaciones e implicaciones: Se trata de un trabajo descriptivo y exploratorio que sólo permite contribuir a la documentación del fenómeno dentro del área de estudio. Hallazgos y conclusiones: La recolección de hongos es una actividad complementaria al pastoreo del ganado y una oportunidad de obtener ingresos extras que permiten la subsistencia de las familias durante esta temporada

Respuesta productiva y económica del reemplazo parcial de mazorca de maíz quebrado con maíz molido o melaza para vacas de doble propósito

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of partial replacement of cracked maize ears with ground maize (GM) or sugar cane molasses (SCM) in supplements for dual purpose cows. Eighteen (18) multiparous cows (414 ± 13 kg of body weight and 106 ± 32 d in milk) were randomly assigned to the treatments. Treatments were as follows: 1) Control supplement (CS) which consisted of 87% of cracked maize ears (CME), 11% soybean meal, and 2% urea; 2) Ground maize replacing 20% of CME in CS (GMS); 3) Sugar cane molasses replacing 18% of CME in the CS (MOS). Each cow received 5 kg/d of supplement DM, whereas their calves received 1.8 kg/d DM of the CS. The experiment lasted eleven weeks, and data were recorded once at the end of every week. Data were analysed using a linear mixed model as a completely randomized design. Net profit from milk and beef due to supplements were estimated using the partial budget approach. There were no differences (P>0.05) between treatments on milk composition, body conditions score, nor daily weight gain of cows and calves. However, compared to GM, CS shown greater (9.0 %, P0.05) entre los tratamientos sobre la composición de la leche, la condición corporal ni el aumento de peso diario de las vacas y terneros. Sin embargo, en comparación con el MM, el ST mostró mayor (9.0 %, P0.05) en las demás variables de respuesta. Los márgenes combinados de ganancias netas (ventas de leche y terneros), fueron 9 % mayores para el tratamiento con MCA en comparación con el resto de los suplementos

Modeling methane emissions and methane inventories for cattle production systems in Mexico

Anaerobic fermentation of structural carbohydrates in the rumen of bovines produces waste products such as volatile fatty acids, fermentation heat, carbon dioxide and methane gas. Methane is a greenhouse gas having several times the global warming potential of CO 2 . The purpose of the present paper is to provide a realistic estimate of the national inventory of methane produced by the enteric fermentation of cattle, based on a simulation model and to provide estimates of CH 4 produced by cattle fed typical diets from the tropical and temperate climates of Mexico. Predicted total emission of methane produced by the 23.3 million heads of cattle in Mexico is approximately 2.02 Tg/yr. It was concluded that the modeling approach was suitable in producing a better estimate of the national methane inventory for cattle. It is flexible enough to incorporate more cattle groups or classification schemes, productivity levels and a variety feed ingredients for cattle. The model could also be used to evaluate different mitigation strategies and serve as a tool to design mitigation policies

RUMINAL AND INTESTINAL DIGESTION OF MAIZE (Zea mays) AND SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor L. MOENCH) USING DIFFERENT DIGESTIBILITY TECHNIQUES (IN VIVO, IN VITRO AND IN SACCO)

The knowledge of the digestibility of the food is basic to establish its nutritive value and bioavailability of the nutrients. Numerous laboratory tests have been used to estimate the ruminal and intestinal digestion of the food such as in vitro (Gas and Daisy production) and in sacco, to be compared with the in vivo method. Sorghum presented the highest (P 0.05) were found between grains. With regard to the digestibility methods, the DMD was lower (P 0.01) for the in sacco and in vitro methods (Daisy). The production of VFA's was similar for both cereals. In situ and in vitro techniques (DaisyII®) allow the determination of digestibility quick and easy compared to conventional methods. Sorghum grinding improves its nutritional value by increasing its digestibility, which represents an alternative to maize for feeding calves for fattening

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND in vitro GAS PRODUCTION OF SOME LEGUME BROWSE SPECIES IN SUBTROPICAL AREAS OF MEXICO

The objective of the present study was to determine the chemical composition and in vitro gas production of different legume and wild arboreal pods. Seven seeds of legume browse species, Mexican calabash (Crescentia alata), esculent leadtree (Leucaena esculenta), guamuchil (Phitecellobium dulce), bastard cedar (Guazuma ulmifolia), needle bush (Acacia farnesiana), mimosa (Mimosa sp.) and elephant ear tree (Enterolobium cyclocarpum). Were evaluated for their chemical composition (g/kg DM) and in vitro gas production pattern. Crude Protein was higher for L. esculenta (220) and lower for G. ulmifolia (70). Neutral and acid detergent fiber were higher for G. ulmifolia (687 and 554) and lower for A. farnesiana (267 and 176). Lignin was higher for Mimosa sp. (219) and lower for P. dulce (81). Total gas production (ml gas/g DM) of P. dulce (187) and E. cyclocarpum (164) were higher (

USO DE BLOQUES NUTRICIONALES COMO COMPLEMENTO PARA OVINOS EN EL TROPICO SECO DEL ALTIPLANO CENTRAL DE MEXICO

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento productivo de ovinos complementados con bloques nutricionales en confinamiento y pastoreo. Se llevaron a cabo dos experimentos, el Experimento 1 se realizó con ovinos en confinamiento, el Experimento 2 se realizó con ovinos en pastoreo continuo en pastizales nativos. Para ambos experimentos 1 y 2 se utilizaron quince ovinos F1 (Dorper x Pelibuey), con un peso inicial de 17±3 y 26 ± 3 kg respectivamente. Los tratamientos en el experimento 1 fueron: T1= dieta basal + BN1 (conteniendo L. Leucocephala) T2= dieta basal + BN2 (conteniendo salvado de trigo) y T3= Dieta basal (Testigo). Los tratamientos en el Experimento 2 fueron: T1= Pastoreo + BN1, T2= Pastoreo + BN2 y T3= Pastoreo (control). Las variables respuestas en ambos experimentos fueron: ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), consumo de bloque nutricional (CBN), consumo de dieta basal (CDB) consumo total (CT), digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca de bloques nutricionales (DAMSBN), digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca de la dieta basal (DAMSDB). En ambos experimentos los datos se analizaron mediante un diseño completamente al azar. En el Experimento 1 se encontraron diferencias en la GDP (

INCLUSION DE HENO DE CHICHARO (Pisum sativum L.) Y PRODUCCION DE GAS IN VITRO EN DIETAS PARA CORDEROS EN CRECIMIENTO

"La utilización de subproductos agroindustriales como el heno de chícharo (Pisum sativum) es una alternativa para la alimentación de ovinos, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la ingestión y digestibilidad en ovinos alimentados con diferentes n

INCLUSION OF FIELD PEA HAY (Pisum sativum L.) AND IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION IN DIETS FOR GROWING LAMBS

The use of byproducts such as field pea (Pisum sativum) is an alternative to feed sheep, the objective of this study was to evaluate the intake and digestibility in sheep fed different levels of field pea hay (FPH). Twenty Rambouillet lambs (with an initial BW of 26.0 ± 0.43 kg) were fed to one of four treatments of 5 animals of each (0%, 25%, 50% and 75% inclusion of PH as dry matter basis). The content of CP for the FPH was 8%. There were no significant differences (P>0.1) between treatments for DM intake (947.6 ± 32.3 g/d), OM (856.7 ± 24.8) and NDF (583.5 ± 30.6), as well as digestibility (g/100g) of DM (50.3 ± 1.0), OM (49.4 ± 2.38) and NDF (57.0 ± 2.23). N intake was lower (P0.1) for N excretion in feces, urine and N balance between treatments. In vitro gas production in the fraction A (ml gas / g DM incubated) was lower in FPH compared to corn stover (CS) and corn grain (CG). Fraction b was higher (P 0.1) between CS and CG for fraction c. Gas production (ml gas / g DM disappeared) was lower in FPH compared to CS and CG. In vitro DM disappearance was lower for FPH with respect to CG, however there were no differences (P>0.1) between CS and FPH. FPH can be used in diets for sheep up to 75% of inclusion, without affecting intake and digestibility. The gas production technique allows the prediction of in vitro fermentation and rumen degradation, showing a lower fermentation with 25% inclusion of FPH.