Leadership: Implement Training Program Prior To Promotion

Law enforcement agencies and their officers are being looked at through a microscope these days because of the professionalism as leaders while doing their duty. Externally, supervisors are being blamed for not supervising their officers out in the field, which is pointing out officer’s mistakes by citizens and the media. Law enforcement agencies and the upper chain of command need to be more aggressive when it comes to leadership training. The problem being seen by executives and officers is that officers are getting training after they are being promoted to the next rank. This does no good for officers to have no leadership skills prior to being promoted. Agencies would be setting up officers for failure in their career if they continue to allow this to happen in the future. Finding a department’s identity is crucial, not only for the department but for the image that they want the public to view. Individual growth is something that every officer strives for in a career in law enforcement. They can identify their role in their departments and can see what type of leader they are as a person. A team mindset is what a chief of a department strives for in his organization. Working together for a common goal is important. In the state of Texas, it is not be required to have leadership training, but officers need to develop these specific skills. Limited budget and limited time maybe the cause of lack of training, but if one looks in the right places, one will be able to find the leadership programs that are needed for the future generation of leaders

Appropriate Sanitation And Integrated Coastal Management: An Ecologically-Based Human Waste Treatment System For Coastal Settlements On The Bahia De Navidad, Jalisoc State, Mexico

In this paper we present an overview of the global sanitation crisis and how it increasingly affects the planet\u27s heavily populated coastal zone. We note that the scarcity of water in many nations that do not have adequate sanitation infrastructure will forever preclude their adoption of the Western standard. We investigate alternatives to, in our view, a vastly wasteful conventional flush-and-discharge system, and how better engineered solutions can save water, enrich soil and contribute to the mitigation of global warming. Finally, we describe how this technology is being used in an integrated coastal zone management project on Mexico\u27s Pacific Coast in an effort to protect the richness of the area\u27s ocean bay and adjacent estuary, restore its freshwater lagoon and provide a model for other coastal areas likely to experience explosive tourism-generated growth in the future

Appropriate Sanitation And Integrated Coastal Management: An Ecologically-Based Human Waste Treatment System For Coastal Settlements On The Bahia De Navidad, Jalisoc State, Mexico

In this paper we present an overview of the global sanitation crisis and how it increasingly affects the planet\u27s heavily populated coastal zone. We note that the scarcity of water in many nations that do not have adequate sanitation infrastructure will forever preclude their adoption of the Western standard. We investigate alternatives to, in our view, a vastly wasteful conventional flush-and-discharge system, and how better engineered solutions can save water, enrich soil and contribute to the mitigation of global warming. Finally, we describe how this technology is being used in an integrated coastal zone management project on Mexico\u27s Pacific Coast in an effort to protect the richness of the area\u27s ocean bay and adjacent estuary, restore its freshwater lagoon and provide a model for other coastal areas likely to experience explosive tourism-generated growth in the future

Assessment of Neuromuscular Fatigue 24 Hours After a Futsal Simulated Protocol in University Athletes

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(1): 205-216, 2023. The purpose of this study was to identify changes in neuromuscular performance variables evaluated through the countermovement jump test before and after (0 hours, after session and 24h post) of a simulated futsal protocol in young university female athletes. Fourteen eumenorrheic, healthy and experienced female futsal players were randomly assigned to an intervention group n = 7) or a control group (n = 7). Both groups performed three countermovement jumps before and after the protocol using an inertial system device. The intervention group completed a short-term functional agility and fatigue protocol that simulated the characteristics of futsal, while the control group did not perform any exercise. The results showed a reduction in peak flight time (p = 0.049; d = 0.586), peak concentric work (p = 0.03; d = 1.819) and peak maximum force (p = 0.02; d = 0.782) comparing experimental and control group. No changes in other variables examined were noted between conditions (p \u3e 0.05). These findings indicate that the changes in neuromuscular performance variables, evaluated through a simulated protocol, are established as determinants in the definition of peripheral fatigue in futsal practitioners until 24 h after a demanding intervention

The Familial Clustering of Age at Menarche in Extended Twin Families

The timing of puberty is complex, possibly involving many genetic factors that may interact with environmental influences. Familial resemblance for age at menarche was studied in a sample of 4,995 female twins, 1,296 sisters, 2,946 mothers and 635 female spouses of male twins. They had indicated their age at menarche as part of a larger longitudinal survey. We assessed assortative mating for age at menarche, gene–environment interaction effects and estimated the heritability of individual differences in pubertal timing. There was significant evidence of gene–environment interaction, accounting for 1.5% of the variance. There was no indication of consistent mate assortment on age at menarche. Individual differences in age at menarche are highly heritable, with additive genetic factors explaining at least 70% of the true variation. An additional 1.5% of the variation can be explained by a genotype–environment interaction effect where environmental factors are more important in individuals genetically predisposed for late menarche

Accretion of Planetary Material onto Host Stars

Accretion of planetary material onto host stars may occur throughout a star's life. Especially prone to accretion, extrasolar planets in short-period orbits, while relatively rare, constitute a significant fraction of the known population, and these planets are subject to dynamical and atmospheric influences that can drive significant mass loss. Theoretical models frame expectations regarding the rates and extent of this planetary accretion. For instance, tidal interactions between planets and stars may drive complete orbital decay during the main sequence. Many planets that survive their stars' main sequence lifetime will still be engulfed when the host stars become red giant stars. There is some observational evidence supporting these predictions, such as a dearth of close-in planets around fast stellar rotators, which is consistent with tidal spin-up and planet accretion. There remains no clear chemical evidence for pollution of the atmospheres of main sequence or red giant stars by planetary materials, but a wealth of evidence points to active accretion by white dwarfs. In this article, we review the current understanding of accretion of planetary material, from the pre- to the post-main sequence and beyond. The review begins with the astrophysical framework for that process and then considers accretion during various phases of a host star's life, during which the details of accretion vary, and the observational evidence for accretion during these phases.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures (with some redacted), invited revie

MONTÍCULOS TEMPRANOS DE LOS VALLES COSTEROS PERUANOS QUE SEMEJAN ANIMALES MÍTICOS Y TIENEN ASOCIACIONES ASTRONÓMICAS

El equipo de arqueología de la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina del Perú ha constatado y verificado que diversas imágenes captadas por el programa Google Earth Pro son montículos gigantescos compuestos por desechos y piedras, así como por muros curvos, que contienen, a su vez, estructuras de planta rectangular y circular revestidas con piedras (Benfer 2011a). Su particular característica es que semejan, en planta, figuras de animales. Fueron halladas en las partes bajas y medias de los valles costeros al norte de Lima, Perú, y datan desde el periodo Precerámico Tardío (3000 a.C. a 1750 a.C.) al periodo Inicial y Horizonte Temprano (1700 a.C. a 200 a.C.). Su contorno sinuoso, así como sus superficies tridimensionales y no a manera de plataformas las distinguen de otros montículos de dichos períodos que presentan, característicamente, simetría y ángulos rectos. Estos montículos de contornos curvos tienen asociaciones astronómicas y se parecen a otras figuras plasmadas en la superficie, previamente identificadas como animales y aves, registradas en la costa peruana, tales como las mejor conocidas de las pampas de Nasca. De manera particular, difieren de estas últimas por ser más monumentales. Los hallazgos reportados en este artículo se pueden comparar, de manera estrecha, con los gigantescos y numerosos montículos-efigie de contornos sinuosos de la cultura Adena de Norteamérica. Debido a que los montículos peruanos tienen recintos de planta rectangular y cuadrangular en su interior, se diferencian de otros montículos de Sudamérica y Norteamérica, y representan un nuevo patrón de asentamiento, uno que comprendía un espacio ritual construido para fines de alineamientos astronómicos que marcaban fechas cruciales para ceremonias estacionales. Debido a ello, interpretamos a estas construcciones como montículosefigie zoomorfos que representan figuras del zodiaco andino costeño

Generation of periventricular reactive astrocytes overexpressing aquaporin 4 Is stimulated by mesenchymal stem cell therapy

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) plays a crucial role in brain water circulation and is considered a therapeutic target in hydrocephalus. Congenital hydrocephalus is associated with a reaction of astrocytes in the periventricular white matter both in experimental models and human cases. A previous report showed that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) transplanted into the lateral ventricles of hyh mice exhibiting severe congenital hydrocephalus are attracted by the periventricular astrocyte reaction, and the cerebral tissue displays recovery. The present investigation aimed to test the effect of BM-MSC treatment on astrocyte reaction formation. BM-MSCs were injected into the lateral ventricles of four-day-old hyh mice, and the periventricular reaction was detected two weeks later. A protein expression analysis of the cerebral tissue differentiated the BM-MSC-treated mice from the controls and revealed effects on neural development. In in vivo and in vitro experiments, BM-MSCs stimulated the generation of periventricular reactive astrocytes overexpressing AQP4 and its regulatory protein kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa (Kidins220). In the cerebral tissue, mRNA overexpression of nerve growth factor (NGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1α), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) could be related to the regulation of the astrocyte reaction and AQP4 expression. In conclusion, BM-MSC treatment in hydrocephalus can stimulate a key developmental process such as the periventricular astrocyte reaction, where AQP4 overexpression could be implicated in tissue recovery.The present work was supported by grants PI15/00619 and PI19/00778 (to A.J.J. and P.P.-G.), PI21/000914 (to J.V.) and PI21/000915 (to A.G.) from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain, co-financed by FEDER funds from the European Union; PI18-RT-2233 from Junta de Andalucía (to A.G.) co-financed by Programa Operativo FEDER 2014–2020; PID2020-115218RB-I00 to T.I., funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain) to J.V., T.I. and A.G.; FPU13/02906 to MG-B from the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, Spain; RYC-2014-16980 to P.P.-G. from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain; UMA18-FEDERJA-277 from Plan Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014–2020 and Universidad de Málaga to P.P.-G.; Proyectos dirigidos por jóvenes investigadores from Universidad de Málaga to P.P.-G. The cost of this publication has been paid in art by “ERDF A way of making Europe” funds. Partial funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga

Consumption of single cigarettes and quitting behavior: A longitudinal analysis of Mexican smokers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Previous cross-sectional research has suggested single cigarettes could either promote or inhibit consumption. The present study aimed to assess the effects of single cigarette availability and consumption on downstream quit behavior.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We analyzed population-based, longitudinal data from adult smokers who participated in the 2008 and 2010 administrations of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey in Mexico.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>At baseline, 30% of smokers saw single cigarettes for sale on a daily basis, 17% bought singles at their last purchase, and 7% bought singles daily. Smokers who most frequently purchased singles, both in general and specifically to control their consumption, were no more likely to attempt to quit over the 14 month follow-up period than those who did not purchase singles. Frequency of buying singles to reduce consumption had a non-monotonic association with being quit at followup. The odds of being quit was only statistically significant when comparing those who had not bought singles to reduce consumption with those who had done so on a more irregular basis (AOR = 2.30; 95% CI 1.19, 4.45), whereas those who did so more regularly were no more likely to be quit at followup. Frequency of self-reported urges to smoke upon seeing singles for sale was unassociated with either quit attempts or being quit at followup.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These results suggest that the relationship between singles consumption and quit behavior is complex, with no clear evidence that singles either promote or inhibit downstream quit behavior.</p