Custom Integrated Circuits

Contains reprots on two research projects.U.S. Air Force (Contract F49620-81-C-0054)U.S. Air Force (Contract F49620-80-C-0073

Custom Integrated Circuits

Contains report on one research project.U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research (Contract F49620-80-C-0073

Custom Integrated Circuits

Contains reports on three research projects.U.S. Air Force (Contract F49620-81-C-0054)National Science Foundation (Grant ECS81-18160

Interpreting BOLD: towards a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience

Cognitive neuroscience depends on the use of blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to probe brain function. Although commonly used as a surrogate measure of neuronal activity, BOLD signals actually reflect changes in brain blood oxygenation. Understanding the mechanisms linking neuronal activity to vascular perfusion is, therefore, critical in interpreting BOLD. Advances in cellular neuroscience demonstrating differences in this neurovascular relationship in different brain regions, conditions or pathologies are often not accounted for when interpreting BOLD. Meanwhile, within cognitive neuroscience, increasing use of high magnetic field strengths and the development of model-based tasks and analyses have broadened the capability of BOLD signals to inform us about the underlying neuronal activity, but these methods are less well understood by cellular neuroscientists. In 2016, a Royal Society Theo Murphy Meeting brought scientists from the two communities together to discuss these issues. Here we consolidate the main conclusions arising from that meeting. We discuss areas of consensus about what BOLD fMRI can tell us about underlying neuronal activity, and how advanced modelling techniques have improved our ability to use and interpret BOLD. We also highlight areas of controversy in understanding BOLD and suggest research directions required to resolve these issues

Custom Integrated Circuits

Contains reports on four research projects.U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research (Contract F49620-81-C-0054)U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research (Contract F49620-84-C-0004)National Science Foundation (Grant ECS81-18160)National Science Foundation (Grant ECS83-10941

Epidemiology of schistosomiasis mansoni in a low endemic area

We discuss the epidemiological patterns of schistosomiasis mansoni in areas with low transmission in Brazil. We define as areas of low endemicity those where the prevalence is less than 10%, the number Schistosoma mansoni eggs per gram of feces (epg) is less than 96, and carriers are asymptomatic. Data are from the county of Pedro de Toledo in the Ribeira Valley (São Paulo State) and were collected randomly according to the aggregate pattern of S. mansoni within the hosts. We suggest the replacement of parasitological methods by more sensitive and specific serological techniques. The main risk factor for infection is type of leisure activity. Infection is more frequent in the 10-14, 15-19, and 20-24-year age brackets. Geometric mean epg is 58.5. Intensity of infections correlates well (rs = 0.745) with prevalence. The highest index of potential contamination is in the 5-20-year age bracket (57.6%). Autochthonous cases show close association with Biomphalaria tenagophila, which has a low infection rate (2%). Prevalence, incidence, and intensity of infection patterns are similar to those of moderate and high endemic areas. Social and cultural aspects must be studied in order to obtain a global epidemiological view of schistosomiasis.Discutem se padrões epidemiológicos da esquistossomos mansônica em áreas brasileiras de baixa endemicidade que possuem prevalência inferior a 10%, menos de 96 ovos por grama de fezes (epg) e onde os infectados são assintomáticos. Apresentam-se dados do município de Pedro de Toledo (Vale do Ribeira, SP) área de baixa endemicidade cujos resultados foram obtidos de amostragem aleatória devida à agregação de Schistosoma mansoni. Sugere-se substituição de métodos parasitológicos por técnicas sorológicas com maiores sensibilidade e especificidade. O principal fator de risco é o lazer. A infecção predomina nos grupos etários de 10-14, 15-19 e 20-24. A intensidade de infecção foi baixa, com 58,5 epg (média geométrica). Há boa correlação (rs = 0,745) entre intensidade de infecção e prevalência. Os mais altos índices de potencial de contaminação ocorreram nas idades de 5 a 20 anos (57,6%). Os casos autóctones mantêm íntimo contato com Biomphalaria tenagophila, com infecção inferior a 2%. Os padrões de prevalência, de incidência e de intensidade de infecção são semelhantes aos de áreas de moderada e alta endemicidade. Questões sócio-culturais merecem estudo para visão global da epidemiologia.S254S26

E3 Ligase Subunit Fbxo15 and PINK1 Kinase Regulate Cardiolipin Synthase 1 Stability and Mitochondrial Function in Pneumonia

Acute lung injury (ALI) is linked to mitochondrial injury, resulting in impaired cellular oxygen utilization; however, it is unknown how these events are linked on the molecular level. Cardiolipin, a mitochondrial-specific lipid, is generated by cardiolipin synthase (CLS1). Here, we show that S.aureus activates a ubiquitin E3 ligase component, Fbxo15, that is sufficient to mediate proteasomal degradation of CLS1 in epithelia, resulting in decreased cardiolipin availability and disrupted mitochondrial function. CLS1 is destabilized by the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), which binds CLS1 to phosphorylate and regulates CLS1 disposal. Like Fbxo15, PINK1 interacts with and regulates levels of CLS1 through a mechanism dependent upon Thr219. S.aureus infection upregulates this Fbxo15-PINK1 pathway to impair mitochondrial integrity, and Pink1 knockout mice are less prone to S.aureus-induced ALI. Thus, ALI-associated disruption of cellular bioenergetics involves bioeffectors that utilize a phosphodegron to elicit ubiquitin-mediated disposal of a key mitochondrial enzyme. © 2014 The Authors

Microwave and Millimeter Wave Techniques

Contains research objectives and summary of research on four research projects.Joint Services Electronics Program (Contract DAAB07-74-C-0630)National Science Foundation (Grant GP-40485X)National Science Foundation (Grant MPS73-05043-A01