Foot posture and classification of the plantar arch among adolescent wearers and non-wearers of high-heeled shoes

OBJETIVOS: Correlacionar a postura dos pés com o arco plantar de adolescentes usuárias e não usuárias de calçados de salto alto. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionadas 36 adolescentes, 16 no grupo de não usuárias e 20 no grupo de usuárias, com idade entre 13 e 20 anos. A postura do pé foi analisada por fotos nas condições descalça e com calçado de salto alto tipo Anabella, previamente padronizado, após terem permanecido com ele por uma hora. Sua análise foi realizada pelo software SAPO. A impressão plantar foi realizada descalça e, a partir dela, calculado o Índice de Chipaux - Smirak para classificação do arco plantar. Para análise estatística, utilizou-se o teste t pareado para verificar igualdade entre lados direito e esquerdo. Foi realizado o teste de aderência Shapiro Wilk e, então, a análise inferencial por meio dos testes não paramétricos de Wilcoxon, o teste de Mann-Whitney e a correlação de Spearman. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Não foi encontrada correlação entre o tipo de arco plantar e a postura do pé das adolescentes estudadas. Porém, o ângulo do retropé se mostrou significativamente diferente, apresentando varo de retropé após a colocação do calçado em ambos os grupos, e o arco plantar do grupo de usuárias apresentou valores menores quanto ao Índice Chipaux - Smirak. CONCLUSÕES: Não existe correlação entre a postura do pé e o tipo de arco plantar, embora essas variáveis tenham sofrido influência do calçado de salto alto. Artigo registrado na Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) sob o número ACTRN12608000300370.OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between foot posture and plantar arch among adolescent wearers and non-wearers of high-heeled shoes. METHODS: Thirty-six female adolescents aged 13 to 20 years were selected and grouped as 16 high-heel non-wearers and 20 high-heel wearers. Foot posture was analyzed using photos, firstly barefoot and, secondly, after wearing previously standardized high-heeled platform shoes for an hour. The analysis was performed using the software SAPo. Barefoot impressions were taken, and the Chipaux-Smirak Index was calculated to classify the plantar arch of the foot. For statistical analyses, the paired t test was used to investigate equality between the right and left sides. The Shapiro-Wilk adherence test was performed, followed by inferential analysis using the non-parametric Wilcoxon test, the Mann-Whitney test and Spearman's correlation coefficient. The significance level used was 0.05. RESULTS: There was no correlation between the type of plantar arch and foot posture among the female adolescents studied. However, the rearfoot angle was significantly different, with rearfoot varus after wearing the shoes in both groups. The plantar arch in the wearers group presented smaller values for the Chipaux-Smirak Index. CONCLUSIONS: There is no correlation between foot posture and the type of plantar arch, although these variables are influenced by high-heeled shoes. Article registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) under the number ACTRN12608000300370

Foot posture and classification of the plantar arch among adolescent wearers and non-wearers of high-heeled shoes

OBJETIVOS: Correlacionar a postura dos pés com o arco plantar de adolescentes usuárias e não usuárias de calçados de salto alto. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionadas 36 adolescentes, 16 no grupo de não usuárias e 20 no grupo de usuárias, com idade entre 13 e 20 anos. A postura do pé foi analisada por fotos nas condições descalça e com calçado de salto alto tipo Anabella, previamente padronizado, após terem permanecido com ele por uma hora. Sua análise foi realizada pelo software SAPO. A impressão plantar foi realizada descalça e, a partir dela, calculado o Índice de Chipaux - Smirak para classificação do arco plantar. Para análise estatística, utilizou-se o teste t pareado para verificar igualdade entre lados direito e esquerdo. Foi realizado o teste de aderência Shapiro Wilk e, então, a análise inferencial por meio dos testes não paramétricos de Wilcoxon, o teste de Mann-Whitney e a correlação de Spearman. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Não foi encontrada correlação entre o tipo de arco plantar e a postura do pé das adolescentes estudadas. Porém, o ângulo do retropé se mostrou significativamente diferente, apresentando varo de retropé após a colocação do calçado em ambos os grupos, e o arco plantar do grupo de usuárias apresentou valores menores quanto ao Índice Chipaux - Smirak. CONCLUSÕES: Não existe correlação entre a postura do pé e o tipo de arco plantar, embora essas variáveis tenham sofrido influência do calçado de salto alto. Artigo registrado na Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) sob o número ACTRN12608000300370.OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between foot posture and plantar arch among adolescent wearers and non-wearers of high-heeled shoes. METHODS: Thirty-six female adolescents aged 13 to 20 years were selected and grouped as 16 high-heel non-wearers and 20 high-heel wearers. Foot posture was analyzed using photos, firstly barefoot and, secondly, after wearing previously standardized high-heeled platform shoes for an hour. The analysis was performed using the software SAPo. Barefoot impressions were taken, and the Chipaux-Smirak Index was calculated to classify the plantar arch of the foot. For statistical analyses, the paired t test was used to investigate equality between the right and left sides. The Shapiro-Wilk adherence test was performed, followed by inferential analysis using the non-parametric Wilcoxon test, the Mann-Whitney test and Spearman's correlation coefficient. The significance level used was 0.05. RESULTS: There was no correlation between the type of plantar arch and foot posture among the female adolescents studied. However, the rearfoot angle was significantly different, with rearfoot varus after wearing the shoes in both groups. The plantar arch in the wearers group presented smaller values for the Chipaux-Smirak Index. CONCLUSIONS: There is no correlation between foot posture and the type of plantar arch, although these variables are influenced by high-heeled shoes. Article registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) under the number ACTRN12608000300370

Caracterização do arco longitudinal plantar de crianças obesas por meio de índices da impressão plantar

OBJETIVO: descrever o desenvolvimento do arco longitudinal medial (ALM) do pé de crianças obesas e verificar a concordância entre 5 índices da impressão plantar que caracterizam este arco. MÉTODOS: 156 crianças obesas, ambos os sexos, idade entre 4 e 10 anos, pertencentes a escolas pública e privada da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. As crianças classificadas como obesas foram selecionadas entre 1535 crianças estudantes de cinco escolas, com idade entre 4 e 10 anos. Em seguida foram coletadas as impressões plantares de cada criança e calculados índices que caracterizaram o ALM: índice de Cavanagh e Rodgers - CR, índice de Staheli - IS1 e IS2, índice de Chipaux-Smirak ICS e ângulo alfa de Clarke - AA. RESULTADOS: CR, IS e ICS mostraram que a grande alteração na forma do ALM ocorre na transição dos 8 para os 9 anos e o AA mostra dois momentos, passagem dos 6 para os 7 anos e dos 8 para os 9 anos. De uma maneira geral, a classificação IS1 foi a mais discrepante para classificar o ALM nessas crianças e o CR a mais constante. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se que o ALM se forma mais tardiamente em crianças obesas (8 para 9 anos) em relação às crianças não obesas (5 para 6 anos). Quanto aos índices, houve semelhança na descrição do desenvolvimento do ALM entre CR, ICS e AA, sendo que o IS merece maior cuidado e restrição em seu uso.OBJECTIVES: To describe the development of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) ofthe foot of obese children and verify the concordance between 5 footprint indexes whichcharacterize such arch. METHODS: 156 obese children, both genders, between 4 and 10 yearsold, belonging to both public and private schools of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The childrenwere classified as obese according to Cole et al (2000) and selected among 1535 studentsbetween 4 and 10 years old from 5 different schools. Afterwards, the footprints of each obesechild were collected and then the indexes that characterize the MLA were calculated: Cavanaghand Rodgers index - CR, Staheli index - IS1 and IS2, Chipaux-Smirak index - ICS, andfootprint angle - AA. RESULTS: CR, IS and ICS showed that a remarkable change in the MLAshape takes place in the transition from 8 to 9 years of age and the AA showed two transitionranges, from 6 to 7 and from 8 to 9 years of age. Generally speaking, the largest discrepancywas noticed in the IS1 classification when evaluating the MLA for those children and the CRone proved to be the most stable. CONCLUSION: It was observed that the MLA is formed later inobese children (8 to 9 years of age) comparing to non-obese children (5 to 6 years of age).Regarding the indexes, there was a similarity in the description of the MLA developmentbetween CR, ICS and AA. The IS needs more caution and its use should be restricted

Dynamic Electric Dispatch for Wind Power Plants: A New Automatic Controller System Using Evolutionary Algorithms

In this paper, we use an evolutionary swarm intelligence approach to build an automatic electric dispatch controller for an offshore wind power plant (WPP). The optimal power flow (OPF) problem for this WPP is solved by the Canonical Differential Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (C-DEEPSO). In this paper, C-DEEPSO works as a control system for reactive sources in energy production. The control operation takes place in a daily energy dispatch, scheduled into 15 min intervals and resulting in 96 operating test scenarios. As the nature of the optimization problem is dynamic, a fine-tuning of the initialization parameters of the optimization algorithm is performed at each dispatch interval. Therefore, a version of the C-DEEPSO algorithm has been built to automatically learn the best set of initialization parameters for each scenario. For this, we have coupled C-DEEPSO with the irace tool (an extension of the iterated F-race (I/F-Race)) by using inferential statistic techniques. The experiments carried out showed that the methodology employed here is robust and able to tackle this OPF-like modeling. Moreover, the methodology works as an automatic control system for a dynamic schedule operation

The ITRAX core scanner, a useful tool to distinguish anthropic vs. climatic influences in lagoon of Aveiro (N Portugal)

The main goal of this work is to distinguish anthropic and climatic influences in sediments from the lagoon of Aveiro (Portugal). This study is based on a core (240-cm long) collected in Murtosa Channel. Optical and X-radiographic images and high-resolution elemental profiles were acquired with ITRAX micro-X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanner. Samples collected at each ≈3 cm along the core were analysed for grain size and total organic carbon. Furthermore, the fine fraction of selected layers was subjected to geochemical analysis by ICP-MS, after total acid digestion of the sediments, and mineralogical analysis, by XRD techniques. A radiocarbon age was determined by AMS, using molluscs shells collected at a depth of 90 cm. Sediments along the core are composed by fine and medium sand, with several mud layers. Sediments composing the first 100-cm may have been deposited after 1950, as it is indicated by the radiocarbon data, the increasing trend of Zn/Al, Pb/Al and Cu/Al and total concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, V, Cr, As and Ni in this interval that therefore might be linked with industrial activities of Chemical Complex of Estarreja. The progressive increase of Si/Al, Cl/Al, Rb/Al, K/Al and Br/Al and reduced Al concentrations, from the base to the top of this core, are interpreted as being related to higher marine influence and greater differences in tidal currents with longer exposition to air of the sediments with the consequent formation of brines favouring minerals precipitation in the area (e.g. anhydrite). These results seem to be a consequence of several works developed over time like: i) dredging to improve the navigation access to the harbour, located in the external sector of the lagoon; ii) the control of the course of some rivers influencing the supply of sediments. The tendency of sea level rise may have also emphasized the gradual increase of marine influence in this area. Fine-grained sections, related to an increase in Al, phyllosilicates, organic matter, pyrite and siderite contents would be attributed to phases of greater supply of fine-sediments during heavy rainfall events by the nearby Antuã river and other streams during negative phases of North Atlantic Oscillation. Higher deposition of organic matter enhanced diagenetic changes with pyrite and siderite formation. In the bottom of the core another record of pollution was unveiled to mining activities at the beginning of 20th century.FCT de Portugal - C/CTE/UI4035/2011CNPq - 401803/2010-