CONSORT 2010 statement: extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials [on behalf of the PAFS consensus group*]

The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement is a guideline designed to improve the transparency and quality of the reporting of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). In this article we present an extension to that statement for randomised pilot and feasibility trials conducted in advance of a future definitive RCT. The checklist applies to any randomised study in which a future definitive RCT, or part of it, is conducted on a smaller scale, regardless of its design (eg, cluster, factorial, crossover) or the terms used by authors to describe the study (eg, pilot, feasibility, trial, study). The extension does not directly apply to internal pilot studies built into the design of a main trial, non-randomised pilot and feasibility studies, or phase II studies, but these studies all have some similarities to randomised pilot and feasibility studies and so many of the principles might also apply. The development of the extension was motivated by the growing number of studies described as feasibility or pilot studies and by research that has identified weaknesses in their reporting and conduct. We followed recommended good practice to develop the extension, including carrying out a Delphi survey, holding a consensus meeting and research team meetings, and piloting the checklist. The aims and objectives of pilot and feasibility randomised studies differ from those of other randomised trials. Consequently, although much of the information to be reported in these trials is similar to those in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing effectiveness and efficacy, there are some key differences in the type of information and in the appropriate interpretation of standard CONSORT reporting items. We have retained some of the original CONSORT statement items, but most have been adapted, some removed, and new items added. The new items cover how participants were identified and consent obtained; if applicable, the prespecified criteria used to judge whether or how to proceed with a future definitive RCT; if relevant, other important unintended consequences; implications for progression from pilot to future definitive RCT, including any proposed amendments; and ethical approval or approval by a research review committee confirmed with a reference number. This article includes the 26 item checklist, a separate checklist for the abstract, a template for a CONSORT flowchart for these studies, and an explanation of the changes made and supporting examples. We believe that routine use of this proposed extension to the CONSORT statement will result in improvements in the reporting of pilot trials. Editor’s note: In order to encourage its wide dissemination this article is freely accessible on the BMJ and Pilot and Feasibility Studies journal websites

Planetary Mapping: A historical overview

The development of the methods of visualization, control, and content of planetary maps goes in parallel with terrestrial ones. Both reflect technological, scientific, sociopolitical, and graphic design changes. However, while terrestrial maps are ubiquitous and show abstract or iconic representations of the Earth features, planetary surfaces are much more frequently represented with uninterpreted images, despite the wealth of planetary spatial data. In this paper, we highlight the key maps and map series made before the space age and the new cartographic methods introduced in the early 1960s when rectified, geologic and airbrush maps, and space-borne planetary photography, revolutionized the way we can look at planetary surfaces. This chapter also highlights the most recent novel approaches in planetary cartography

Methods in Planetary Topographic Mapping: A Review

Elevation data can characterize geology, from global to local scales. For centuries, however, the only planetary topographic data were those of lunar peaks and craters. In the last few decades, several independent techniques have been developed to extract topographic information from diverse types of planetary datasets, which provide key information for the distinction and geologic interpretation of surface features. In this chapter, we discuss techniques to obtain, reconstruct, and visualize elevation data

Cholecystocolonic fistula: facts and myths. A review of the 231 published cases

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