話し手の気持ちを伝える日本語表現について

In this paper, we discuss how people are conveying their feelings to each other in their daily communication. In Section 2, we see certain instances where people can convey their feelings without words. In Section 3, we discuss that people convey their feelings directly and explicitly, using lexical words, and also at the same time, they utilize extra-linguistic elements, such as facial expressions, eyes, gestures, body movements, vocal tones, intonation and so on. Moreover, there are many expressions in Japanese that signal the speaker's feelings, not by single lexical words but by some combinations of expressions. We pick up some of those expressions, and discuss what feelings they convey

Foreign Policy Opinion Poll in Japan on Development Cooperation

内閣府が実施している外交世論調査における「開発協力の今後のあり方」の結果は、国際社会の変化や日本の経済情勢などによってダイナミックに変遷している。1977年から1989年の間は開発協力について世論の高い支持が続いていたが、1990年から2004年までは世論の支持が低下・低迷し、2005年以降は世論の支持が回復基調にある。この世論の変化を、日本経済、対中国関係、日本の国際貢献の３つの軸から分析すると、開発協力への世論の支持が低下・低迷した1990年から2004年までは、バブル経済崩壊以降の経済停滞と財政事情の悪化、および天安門事件以降の対中国感情の悪化の２つが要因になっていたと考えられる。しかし2005年以降は、リーマンショック（2008）や東日本大震災（2011）などにも関わらず、開発協力に対する世論は回復基調が続いている。2007年に対中国新規資金協力を終了したことも世論回復の一つの理由として考えられるが、より重要なこととして、国際貢献に対する国民の期待の増大が大きな要因であることが分析から示唆される。2005年以降、国際社会での日本の存在感（相対的な経済力）が低下する中で、国際貢献による日本のソフトパワーの強化が国民から強く期待されるようになっている。開発協力に対する国民の期待は、単に人道上の目的や先進国としての責務としてだけではなく、広い意味での「国益」のために実施されることである。すなわち国際社会における日本への信頼の醸成、日本が途上国とともに繁栄すること、エネルギー資源の安定供給などが開発協力の目的として期待されており、それが開発協力への世論の支持につながっている。経済情勢や財政事情の厳しさを理由としたODA予算の抑制が20年以上にわたって続けられてきたが、成熟した国民世論の動向からはこの政策は正当性を失いつつあるのである。Foreign Policy Opinion Poll in Japan, which has been conducted by Japanese government since 1977, shows that the public support for "Development Cooperation" (or Official Development Assistance) has dynamically reflected series of historical events under three socioeconomic dimensions. The three dimensions are (i) Japanese economy, (ii) Japan-China relationship (China was one of the largest recipients of Japanese ODA), and (iii) international contribution by Japan.Since 1990 until 2004, "Development Cooperation" has lost support from citizens because of (i) economic recession and growing public debt after burst of bubble economy in 1991, and (ii) negative Japanese sentiment toward China after Tiananmen Square Incident. However, the public support toward "Development Cooperation" has been recovered since 2005 up to now although Japanese economy was hit by Lehman\u27s shock in 2008 and pulled down by the huge earthquake in 2011. Why this recovery of the public support happened and has been sustained? Termination of new financial ODA to China in 2007 might be one answer. However, this paper suggests that this recovery can be explained mainly by rising expectation of Japanese citizens toward international contribution from Japan.After 2005, Japanese citizens began to expect that the soft power of Japan should be strengthened through its international contribution, while they noticed comparative decline of economic power of Japan. "Development Cooperation" is expected to be implemented not merely based upon humanitarian purpose nor obligation as developed countries, but more importantly should be conducted based upon “national interests” in a broad sense, such as fostering international trust to Japan, achieving mutual prosperity of Japan and the developing countries, securing access to energy and natural resources, and so on. The continuous cut of ODA budget for more than two decades is no longer justified under the matured public opinion.http://doi.org/10.24545/0000108

Partnership for Whom?

Summary The article examines in what sense various donors understand and interpret the term ‘partnership’ and whether relations between local NGOs and their donors actually fulfill the meaning of this term in Cambodia. The article contrasts supporting schemes to NGOs by Japanese government aid, by Oxfam Great Britain and Coopération Internationale pour 1e Développement et la Solidarité (CIDSE). The question posed is: which scheme and conditions appear to promote partnership better, especially in terms of accountability to the ultimate target beneficiaries? The post?genocidal civil war in Cambodia seriously damaged any notion of community. Consequently, evidence indicates that donors that assist the capacity?building of Cambodian NGOs and those particularly concerned with community organising are more likely to establish a relationship and assistance that is more accountable to the beneficiaries. They do so by basing ‘partnership’ on an organisational rather than project?focused relationship with Cambodian NGOs and communities. On the other hand, it appears that donors that do not support the capacity?building of Cambodian NGOs, but only support project implementation, lack interest in ensuring accountability of their projects to the poor. Such an approach to partnership is more prone to making both international and local NGOs accountable to donors as project implementors, rather than to their partners and their beneficiaries

Nasopharyngeal carriage of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in institutionalized HIV infected and HIV-negative children in Northeastern Romania

AbstractObjectives: The study compared nasopharyngeal carriage of resistant pneumoniae in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and -seronegative children.Methods: Nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae was investigated during May 1996 in 162 HIV-negative infants and children (age range, 1–38 mo) and 40 HIV-infected children (age range, 39–106 mo) living in an orphanage in Iasi, northeastern Romania. The HIV-infected children lived separated from the other children and were cared for by a different staff. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from 12 of 40 (30%) HIV-infected and from 81 of 160 (50%) HIV-negative children. Antimicrobial susceptibility to penicillin and ceftriaxone was determined by E-test, and to another five antibiotics by disk diffusion. Serotyping was performed by the Quellung method on 81 of 93 (87%) isolates.Results: Serotypes 6A, 613, 19A, and 23F together represented 98% of all isolates. Ninety-nine percent of S. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to penicillin, and 74% were highly resistant to penicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] > 1 μg/mL); MIC50 and MIC90 to penicillin of the isolates were 2 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL, respectively. Eighty-nine of ninety-one isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone; 99%, 87%, 87%, 48%, and 21 % of the isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, respectively. Eighty-two (89%) isolates were multidrug resistant (resistant to ≥3 antibiotic classes); 37 of 92 (40%) isolates were resistant to 5 or more antibiotic classes, and 16 of these 37 (43%) belonged to serotype 19A. All serotype 19 isolates were highly resistant to penicillin.Conclusions: No significant differences were observed in the resistance rates of S. pneumoniae in HIV-infected children compared to HIV-negative children. Multidrug-resistant pneumococci were highly prevalent in this Romanian orphanage in both HIV-negative and older HIV-infected children. The observed high prevalence of multidrug-resistant pneumococci (coupled with high penicillin resistance) with a limited number of circulating serotypes emphasizes the need to further evaluate the conjugate vaccines in children at risk for invasive pneumococcal infection

Estudio geológico en el área inferior del río Urubamba, Republica del Perú (Primera fase)

En el marco del Convenio de cooperación Técnica Internacional suscrito entre la República del Perú (INGEMET) y el gobierno del Japón (JICA), se viene ejecutando desde noviembre del 1998 el proyecto Estudio Geológico en el Área Inferior del Rio Urubamba, República del Perú", cuya finalidad, es ubicar a corto plazo, áreas potenciales con mineralización económica que puedan existir en el área referida, mediante el análisis de datos geomineros, ubicados en el banco de datos del INGEMMET y en diversas entidades oficiales y de otra índole, así también a través de la interpretación de imágenes de satélite tales como, JERS-1 SAR (Radar Lateral). Es el periodo comprendido entre el 26.01 al 10.02 (16 días) del año en curso, el grupo de trabajo integrado por 2 expertos japoneses, 2 geólogos de la contraparte peruana y un practicante, ejecutaron parcialmente la llamada Fase 1 del proyecto, que consistió en trabajos de búsqueda, compilación y análisis de datos sobre la información geológica y de ocurrencias de mineralización que existen en el área. También en lo que concierne a las imágenes de satélite JERSI SAR, asimilaron parcialmente ciertas técnicas sobre su procesamiento (se requiere más tiempo). Para confección del presente informe se han considerado los siguientes documentos editados por la Misión Japonesa "The Geological Survey Program is the Urubamba River Inferior Area, the Republic of Peru; “JERS-1 SAR Data Processing", "Estudio de Recursos Minerales en la Región Baja del rio Urubamba (resumen)" y "Tentative Schedule of de Phase II (1999-2000)”

IRAS F02044+0957: radio source in interacting system of galaxies

The steep spectrum of IRAS F02044+0957 was obtained with the RATAN-600 radio telescope at four frequencies. Optical spectroscopy of the system components, was carried out with the 2.1m telescope of the Guillermo Haro Observatory. Observational data allow us to conclude that this object is a pair of interacting galaxies, a LINER and a HII galaxy, at $z=0.093$.Comment: 2 pages, 2 EPS-figures, uses newpasp.sty. To appear in Proc. IAU Colloq. 184, AGN Surveys, ed. R. F. Green, E. Ye. Khachikian, & D. B. Sanders (San Francisco: ASP

Basin Effects in Strong Ground Motion: A Case Study from the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal Earthquake

The term "basin effects" refers to entrapment and reverberation of earthquake waves in soft sedimentary deposits underlain by concave basement rock structures. Basin effects can significantly affect the amplitude, frequency and duration of strong ground motion, while the cone-like geometry of the basin edges gives rise to large amplitude surface waves through seismic wave diffraction and energy focusing, a well-known characteristic of basin effects. In this research, we study the role of basin effects in the mainshock ground motion data recorded at the Kathmandu basin, Nepal during the 2015 Mw7.8 Gorkha earthquake sequence. We specifically try to understand the source of the unusual low frequency reverberating pulse that appeared systematically across the basin, and the unexpected depletion of the ground surface motions from high frequency components, especially away from the basin edges. In order to do that we study the response of a 2D cross section of Kathmandu basin subjected to vertically propagating plane SV waves. Despite the scarcity of geotechnical information and of strong ground motion recordings, we show that an idealized plane-strain elastic model with a simplified layered velocity structure can capture surprisingly well the low frequency components of the basin ground response. We finally couple the 2D elastic simulation with a 1D nonlinear analysis of the shallow basin sediments. The 1D nonlinear approximation shows improved performance over a larger frequency range relative to the first order approximation of a 2D elastic layered basin response.Comment: Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V, Austin, Texas (2018