Pharmacological effects of active saponins from Panax ginseng Meyer

Purpose: To investigate the pharmacological effects of the active saponins isolated from Panax ginseng Meyer (P. ginseng) via extraction, heat treatment, and enzyme conversion. Methods: The effects of active saponins on rat blood were determined using a multichannel analyzer. The population doubling time (PDT) of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and human-derived leukocyte cancer cells (A549) was determined by cell counting. b-galactosidase was measured in human toothderived stem cells (HTS) using a β-galactosidase ELISA kit. Results: Intraperitoneal administration of active saponins resulted in 30.09 % increase in red blood cell count and 55.55 % decrease in blood triglyceride concentrations. The stimulatory effect of active saponins (10 ng/mL) on cellular differentiation was determined based on PDT of MSCs, which decreased by 33.82 % compared to control. A 22.29 % increase in PDT of A549 cells demonstrated the suppressive effects of active saponins on cancer cell growth. Active saponins (10 ng/mL) also decreased intracellular β-galactosidase concentration by 20.42 % in HTS cells. Conclusion: Administration of active saponins to rats extends the lifespan, promotes differentiation in MSCs, suppresses A549 cell differentiation, and reduces TG and b-galactosidase associated with aging in HTS. Thus, active saponins have potentially beneficial effects in humans

Two New Marine Sponges of the Genus Haliclona (Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Korea

Two new marine sponges, Haliclona (Haliclona) tonggumiensis n. sp. and H. (Reniera) sinyeoensis n. sp., in the family Chalinidae were collected from Ulleungdo Island and Gageodo Island, Korea from 2007 to 2009. Haliclona (Haliclona) tonggumiensis n. sp. is similar to H. (H.) simulans (Johnston, 1842) in shape, but the former differs in its ectosomal skeleton structure and spicules’ shape and size. The ectosomal skeleton of H. (H.) tonggumiensis n. sp. is absent, but that of H. (H.) simulans is very regularly arranged, and has tangential reticulation with oxea. The spicule shape of H. (H.) tonggumiensis n. sp. is slender, but that of H. (H.) simulans is short and cigar-shape. The new species have two sizes of oxea, but H. (H.) simulans has one size of oxea. Haliclona (Reniera) sinyeoensis n. sp. resembles H. (R.) tubifera (George and Wilson, 1919) in the growth form and choanosomal skeleton structure. However, the new species has two kinds of oxea in size, but H. (R.) tubifera has only one size

Generalizations of -Subalgebras in BCK/BCI-Algebras Based on Point -Structures

The aim of this article is to obtain more general forms than the papers of (Jun et al. (2010); Jun et al. (in press)). The notions of -subalgebras of types , and are introduced, and the concepts of -support and -support are also introduced. Several related properties are investigated. Characterizations of -subalgebra of type are discussed, and conditions for an -subalgebra of type to be an -subalgebra of type are considered

Discovery From Non-Parties (Third-Party Discovery) in International Arbitration

International arbitration rules and many arbitration laws usually provide procedures that permit tribunals to order parties to disclose documents and other materials to the other parties.1 More complex are the rules that determine opportunities to obtain discovery from persons that are not party to the arbitration (third-party discovery). This article will review third-party discovery under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) and the provisions of the US Code s.1782 that authorise US courts to act in aid of actions before foreign tribunals. Section 1782 has unique interest at this time because it figured prominently in the EU antitrust investigation of Intel that was initiated on request from Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). Early in that investigation, AMD filed a s.1782 request in the US District Court to obtain evidence from US sources for submission to the DG-Competition of the European Commission (EC). This request ultimately led to the Supreme Court’s decision in Intel Corp v Advanced Micro Devices Inc2 which appeared to significantly expand the scope of s.1782. Ironically, after AMD won on key legal issues in the Supreme Court, the District Court on remand exercised its discretion and denied the request for judicial assistance. This paper first describes the FAA non-party discovery rules and the split among the federal appellate courts concerning the authority of arbitrators to order prehearing discovery from non-parties. Next, it provides an analysis of the meaning of the terms “interested party” and “tribunal”—terms that were controversially interpreted by the Supreme Court in Intel and are essential to the application of s.1782. Finally, it discusses the “discretionary” factors used by the federal courts in deciding whether to grant a s.1782 request even when the statutory criteria are met. The opportunity to exercise this discretion seems to rebut the argument that the Supreme Court’s interpretation of s.1782 gives participants before foreign tribunals more discovery rights in the United States than are available to the parties in arbitrations covered by the FAA

Strong solutions of the thin film equation in spherical geometry

We study existence and long-time behaviour of strong solutions for the thin film equation using a priori estimates in a weighted Sobolev space. This equation can be classified as a doubly degenerate fourth-order parabolic and it models coating flow on the outer surface of a sphere. It is shown that the strong solution asymptotically decays to the flat profile