A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

Le cassis

National audienc

On the catalytic properties of mixed oxides obtained from the Cu-Mg-Al LDH precursors in the process of hydrogenation of the cinnamaldehyde

International audienceCatalytic hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CNA) was investigated over oxidic materials obtained by the calcination of Cu-Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) precursors. A series of precursors with different Cu/Mg ratios (with a constant M2+/Al3+ ratio) were prepared by coprecipitation (under low supersaturation) and heated under reductive atmosphere until 623K in order to avoid the formation of Cu-based spinels and to reduce the copper cations. The presence of Mg noticeably enhanced the selectivity of Cu-based catalysts with respect to the hydrogenation of the carbonyl group relative to the favoured hydrogenation of the C=C bond. Moreover, the self-condensation of hydrocinnamaldehyde (HCNA) and the cross-condensation of hydrocinnamaldehyde with cinnamaldehyde were also observed especially when the basic sites of LDH structures are preponderant over hydrogenation species. Finally, all that reaction from CNA are of great interest for getting information about: (i) basic sites involved in condensation of CNA and HCNA; and (ii) active species for selective hydrogenation of CNA to cinnamyl alcohol (CNOL) which seem in strong interaction with the first ones. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Thermodynamic modelling of advanced oxide and carbide nuclear fuels: Description of the U–Pu–O–C systems

International audienc

Ceftriaxone compared with benzylpenicillin in the treatment of neurosyphilis in France: a retrospective multicentre study

International audienceBackground: Intravenous benzylpenicillin is the gold-standard treatment for neurosyphilis, but it requires prolonged hospitalisation. Ceftriaxone is a possible alternative treatment, the effectiveness of which remains unclear. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of ceftriaxone compared with benzylpenicillin in the treatment of neurosyphilis. Methods: We did a retrospective multicentre study including patients with neurosyphilis who were treated at one of eight tertiary care centres in France, from Jan 1, 1997, to Dec 31, 2017. We defined neurosyphilis as positive treponemal and non-treponemal tests and at least one of otic syphilis, ocular syphilis, either neurological symptom with a positive result on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-VDRL or CSF-PCR tests, or more than five leukocytes in a CSF cell count. Patients with neurosyphilis were identified from the medical information department database of each centre and assigned to one of two groups on the basis of the initial treatment received (ie, benzylpenicillin group or ceftriaxone group). The primary outcome was the overall clinical response (ie, proportion of patients with a complete or partial response) 1 month after treatment initiation. The secondary endpoints were proportions of patients with a complete response at 1 month and serological response at 6 months, and length of hospital stay. Findings: Of 365 patients with a coded diagnosis of neurosyphilis in one of the eight care centres during 1997–2017, 208 were included in this study (42 in the ceftriaxone group and 166 in the benzylpenicillin group). The mean age of patients was 44·4 years (SD 13·4), and 193 (93%) were men. We observed 41 instances of overall clinical response (98%) in the ceftriaxone group versus 125 (76%) in the benzylpenicillin group (crude odds ratio [OR] 13·02 [95% CI 1·73–97·66], p=0·017). After propensity score weighting, overall clinical response rates remained different between the groups (OR 1·22 [95% CI 1·12–1·33], p<0·0001). 22 (52%) patients in the ceftriaxone group and 55 (33%) in the benzylpenicillin group had a complete response (crude OR 2·26 [95% CI 1·12–4·41], p=0·031), with no significant difference after propensity score weighting (OR 1·08 [95% CI 0·94–1·24], p=0·269). Serological response at 6 months did not differ between the groups (21 [88%] of 24 in the ceftriaxone group vs 76 [82%] of 93 in the benzylpenicillin group; crude OR 1·56 [95% CI 0·42–5·86], p=0·50), whereas hospital stay was shorter for patients in the ceftriaxone group than for those in the benzylpenicillin group (mean 13·8 days [95% CI 12·8–14·8] vs 8·9 days [5·7–12·0], p<0·0001). No major adverse effects were reported in either group. Interpretation: Our results suggest that ceftriaxone is similarly effective to benzylpenicillin for the treatment of neurosyphilis, potentially decreasing the length of hospital stay. Randomised, controlled trials should be done to confirm these results. Funding: None. © 2021 Elsevier Lt

Chimioradiothérapie des cancers de l’œsophage : revue critique de la littérature [Chemoradiation for oesophageal cancer: A critical review of the literature]

Locally advanced oesophageal cancer treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach with the combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for preoperative and definitive strategy. Preoperative chemoradiation improves the locoregional control and overall survival after surgery for locally advanced oesophageal cancer. Definitive chemoradiation can also be proposed for non-resectable tumours or medically inoperable patients. Besides, definitive chemoradiation is considered as an alternative option to surgery for locally advanced squamous cell carcinomas. Chemotherapy regimen associated to radiotherapy consists of a combination of platinum derived drugs (cisplatinum or oxaliplatin) and 5-fluorouracil or a weekly scheme combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel according to CROSS protocol in a neoadjuvant strategy. Radiation doses vary from 41.4Gy to 45Gy for a preoperative strategy or 50 to 50.4Gy for a definitive treatment. The high risk of lymphatic spread due to anatomical features could justify the use of an elective nodal irradiation when the estimated risk of microscopic involvement is higher than 15% to 20%. An appropriate delineation of the gross tumour volume requires an exhaustive and up-to-date evaluation of the disease. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy represents a promising approach to spare organs-at-risk. This critical review of the literature underlines the roles of radiotherapy for locally advanced oesophageal cancers and describes doses, volumes of treatment, technical aspects and dose constraints to organs-at-risk