Orthogonal basis with a conicoid first mode for shape specification of optical surfaces: Reply

We present some comments to the paper “Orthogonal basis with a conicoid first mode for shape specification of optical surfaces: comment.

Regional surface temperature simulations over the Iberian Peninsula: evaluation and climate projections

The realism of a specifc confguration of the WRF Regional Climate Model (RCM) to represent the observed temperature evolution over the Iberian Peninsula (IP) in the 1971–2005 period has been analyzed. The E-OBS observational dataset was used for this purpose. Also, the added value of the WRF simulations with respect to the IPSL Earth System Model (ESM) used to drive the WRF RCM was evaluated. In general, WRF presents lower temperatures than in the observations (negative biases) over the IP. These biases are comparatively larger than those of the driving ESM. Once the biases are corrected, WRF provides an added value in terms of a higher spatial representation. WRF introduces more variability in some regions in comparison to gridded observation. Warming trends according to the observations are also well represented by the RCM. In the second part of this study, the projections of future climate performed with both the ESM and the RCM were evaluated for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios during the 21st century. Although both models simulate temperature increases, the RCM simulates a smaller warming than the ESM after the mid-21st century, except for winter. Using the WRF model, the maximum temperature increase reaches 6 ◦C and 3 ◦C for RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 in the south east of the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the 21st century, respectively

Módulo para la enseñanza de la energía solar como una propuesta interdisciplinar para la enseñanza de las ciencias en niveles de educación básica y media en Colombia.

In this paper we present an analysis of results obtained with a didactic proposal based on a module for teaching solar energy concepts in basic and high school levels in Colombia. First, the importance of teaching topics related to solar energy in the school is highlighted, then a brief explanation of the content of this module is made and finally an analysis of results obtained after presenting and testing the proposal with classmates.En el presente documento se hace un análisis de los resultados obtenidos con la propuesta del módulo didáctico para la enseñanza de la energía solar en niveles de educación básica y media en Colombia. Primero se resalta la importancia de enseñar temas relacionados con la energía solar en la escuela, luego se hace una breve explicación del contenido de este módulo y finalmente se hace un análisis de resultados obtenidos después de presentar y poner a prueba la propuesta con los compañeros de clase

Development of POD-based Reduced Order Models applied to shallow water equations using augmented Riemann solvers

Reduced-order models (ROMs) based on the proper orthogonal decomposition have been proposed to reduce the computational resources required by the full-order models (FOMs) to approximate partial differential equations. In this paper a Roe-based ROM is developed to solve the shallow water equations in presence of source terms more efficiently than the Roe-based FOM. The well-balanced property and other numerical corrections such as the entropy fix and the wet–dry treatment are taken into account using augmented Riemann solvers to build the Roe-based FOM. In addition to this, a time averaging approach is necessary to develop the Roe-based ROM. This approach is validated by solving some cases and the computed solutions are compared with those ones of Lax–Friedrichs-based ROMs. It is also studied whether the ROM preserves or not the well-balancing, the entropy fix and the wet–dry treatment