Investigations into the absorption of insulin and insulin derivatives from the small intestine of the anaesthetised rat

Experiments have been undertaken to determine the extent to which cholic acid conjugates of insulin were absorbed from the small intestine of anaesthetised rats by means of the bile salt transporters of the ileum. The measure used to assess the absorption of the cholyl-insulins was the amount of hypoglycaemia following infusion into the small intestine. Control experiments involving infusion of natural insulin into the ileum showed either nil absorption or absorption of a small amount of insulin as indicated by transient dip in the blood glucose concentration. However, when insulin was co-infused with the bile salt taurocholate, this was followed by a marked hypoglycaemic response which was specific to the ileum and did not occur on infusion into the jejunum. When the two cholyl conjugates of insulin were tested viz. B 29-Lys-cholyl-insulin and B 1-Phe-cholyl-insulin, both were biologically active as indicated by hypoglycaemic responses on systemic injection, though their potency was about 40% of that of natural insulin. While there was no evidence for the absorption of B 29-Lys-cholyl-insulin when infused into the ileum, B 1-Phe-cholyl-insulin did cause a long lasting hypoglycaemic response, indicating that absorption had occurred. Since the hypoglycaemic response was blocked on co-infusion with taurocholate and was absent for infusion of the conjugate into the jejunum, these results were taken as evidence that B 1-Phe-cholyl-insulin had been taken up by the ileal bile salt transporters. This would indicate that B 1-Phe-cholyl-insulin is worthy of further investigation for use in an oral insulin formulation

Winter Grain in South Dakota

Winter grain, both wheat and rye, have certain apparent advantages over spring grain. These are as follows: 1. They permit division of labor both seeding and harvest. 2. They ripen early and frequently evade drough [sic] hail storms and plant diseases. 3. Under favorable conditions the winter grain out yields spring grain of the same type. Since winter grain possesses these advantages over spring grain it would seem strange at first thought that winter grain is not more generally grown in South Dakota. Upon careful consideration it will be seen that owing to the very fact that winter grain is winter grain, that is, that it must live thru a winter before it can produce a crop, there are certain disadvantages that must be overcome if success is to be attained in the production of these crops. The disadvantages may be listed as follows : 1. There is not always sufficient moisture in the fall to germinate the seed on ordinary stubble or fall plowed land. 2. Blowing soil, snow and ice particles may injure the crowns of the plants and thus destroy them. 3. Rabbits may destroy part or all of the crop in thinly settled sections of the state. 4. An ice sheet or alternate freezing and thawing may destroy the crop, particularly in poorly drained land

Barley Culture in South Dakota

1. Barley ranks fourth in total production among the cereal crops in South Dakota. 2. Experiments upon which statements in this bulletin are based were conducted at the state college experiment farms at Brookings, Cottonwood, Eureka and Highmore and the U. S. Department of Agriculture experiment farm at Newell. 3. In general, barley has proved to be the highest producing small grain crop, though there have been some notable exceptions. 4. No advantage has been found in growing barley in mixtures with oats or emmer. 5. Odessa S. D. 182 gives good results in all parts of the state where tried and is recommended as the general purpose barley for the state as a whole. Other varieties are recommended for special conditions. 6. Using the best seed obtainable is good practice. Poor seed means poor stands and low yields. 7. Rust, smut, ergot, stripe disease and blight are among the important barley diseases. Control measures include early seeding, seed disinfection and grading and the rotation of crops. 8. Barley responds readily to good rotation methods. 9. The seed bed for barley should be firm with a shallow mulch at the surface. 10. Early seeding is very important. Six pecks per acre is generally the best rate of seeding. The proper depth of seeding is about 2 inches. Seeding with a drill is recommended. 11. Barley can be grown as· a cultivated crop to good advantage in sections where corn is not a highly profitable crop. 12. Careful shocking and stacking is strongly recommended in order to secure grain of good market quality

Emmer in South Dakota

Inquiries are being received requesting information in regard to emmer as a war crop for South Dakota, the impression being that this crop would assist in solving the food problem, because of its ability to produce twice as many pounds per acre as spring wheat. This gives an excellent opportunity to correct a number of false impressions in regard to emmer as a crop for South Dakota conditions. Please note the term emmer is used exclusively. The reason for this is that there is practically no speltz being grown in South Dakota. The commonly called speltz is not true speltz, but belongs to an altogether different branch of the wheat genus. This grain that is commonly spoken of as speltz is emmer. Emmer has been grown in South Dakota as a grain crop for at least twenty years. Experiments with this crop have been conducted at the State College experiment farms at Brookings, Cottonwood, Eureka, Highmore and Vivian. Varietal tests begun at Brookings in 1902 and continued until 1908 clearly demonstrated the White Spring, C. I. No. 1524, as the leading variety among those introduced. A selection of this variety called S. D. No. 3 proved slightly superior to the bulk seed in yield, but after distribution, has lost its identity as a separate strain. Most of the emmer grown in ·South Dakota is of this White Spring variety

An intensive care unit in a provincial general hospital

No Abstract

Avalanche Breakdown Timing Statistics for Silicon Single Photon Avalanche Diodes

CCBY Silicon-based Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) are widely used as single photon detectors of visible and near infrared photons. There has however been a lack of models accurately interpreting the physics of impact ionization (the mechanism behind avalanche breakdown) for these devices. In this work, we present a statistical simulation model for silicon SPADs that is capable of predicting breakdown probability, mean time to breakdown and timing jitter. Our model inherently incorporates carriers & #x0027; dead space due to phonon scattering and allows for non-uniform electric fields. Model validation included avalanche gain, excess noise factor, breakdown voltage, breakdown probability, and timing statistics. Simulating an n on-p and a p-on-n SPAD design using our model, we found that the n-on-p design offers significantly improved mean time to breakdown and timing jitter characteristics. For a breakdown probability of 0.5, mean time to breakdown and timing jitter from the n-on-p design were 3 and 4 times smaller compared to those from the p on n design. The data reported in this paper is available from the ORDA digital repository (DOI: 10.15131/shef.data.4823248)

Can the Pioneer anomaly be of gravitational origin? A phenomenological answer

In order to satisfy the equivalence principle, any non-conventional mechanism proposed to gravitationally explain the Pioneer anomaly, in the form in which it is presently known from the so-far analyzed Pioneer 10/11 data, cannot leave out of consideration its impact on the motion of the planets of the Solar System as well, especially those orbiting in the regions in which the anomalous behavior of the Pioneer probes manifested itself. In this paper we, first, discuss the residuals of the right ascension \alpha and declination \delta of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto obtained by processing various data sets with different, well established dynamical theories (JPL DE, IAA EPM, VSOP). Second, we use the latest determinations of the perihelion secular advances of some planets in order to put on the test two gravitational mechanisms recently proposed to accommodate the Pioneer anomaly based on two models of modified gravity. Finally, we adopt the ranging data to Voyager 2 when it encountered Uranus and Neptune to perform a further, independent test of the hypothesis that a Pioneer-like acceleration can also affect the motion of the outer planets of the Solar System. The obtained answers are negative.Comment: Latex2e, 26 pages, 6 tables, 2 figure, 47 references. It is the merging of gr-qc/0608127, gr-qc/0608068, gr-qc/0608101 and gr-qc/0611081. Final version to appear in Foundations of Physic

Reducing extrinsic hysteresis in first-order la (Fe,Co,Si)13 magnetocaloric systems

Reducing extrinsic hysteresis in first-order la (Fe,Co,Si)13 magnetocaloric system

Deficiency in monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) in mice delays regeneration of peripheral nerves following sciatic nerve crush.

Peripheral nerve regeneration following injury occurs spontaneously, but many of the processes require metabolic energy. The mechanism of energy supply to axons has not previously been determined. In the central nervous system, monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), expressed in oligodendroglia, is critical for supplying lactate or other energy metabolites to axons. In the current study, MCT1 is shown to localize within the peripheral nervous system to perineurial cells, dorsal root ganglion neurons, and Schwann cells by MCT1 immunofluorescence in wild-type mice and tdTomato fluorescence in MCT1 BAC reporter mice. To investigate whether MCT1 is necessary for peripheral nerve regeneration, sciatic nerves of MCT1 heterozygous null mice are crushed and peripheral nerve regeneration was quantified electrophysiologically and anatomically. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) recovery is delayed from a median of 21days in wild-type mice to greater than 38days in MCT1 heterozygote null mice. In fact, half of the MCT1 heterozygote null mice have no recovery of CMAP at 42days, while all of the wild-type mice recovered. In addition, muscle fibers remain 40% more atrophic and neuromuscular junctions 40% more denervated at 42days post-crush in the MCT1 heterozygote null mice than wild-type mice. The delay in nerve regeneration is not only in motor axons, as the number of regenerated axons in the sural sensory nerve of MCT1 heterozygote null mice at 4weeks and tibial mixed sensory and motor nerve at 3weeks is also significantly reduced compared to wild-type mice. This delay in regeneration may be partly due to failed Schwann cell function, as there is reduced early phagocytosis of myelin debris and remyelination of axon segments. These data for the first time demonstrate that MCT1 is critical for regeneration of both sensory and motor axons in mice following sciatic nerve crush

Exact-exchange density-functional calculations for noble-gas solids

The electronic structure of noble-gas solids is calculated within density functional theory's exact-exchange method (EXX) and compared with the results from the local-density approximation (LDA). It is shown that the EXX method does not reproduce the fundamental energy gaps as well as has been reported for semiconductors. However, the EXX-Kohn-Sham energy gaps for these materials reproduce about 80 % of the experimental optical gaps. The structural properties of noble-gas solids are described by the EXX method as poorly as by the LDA one. This is due to missing Van der Waals interactions in both, LDA and EXX functionals.Comment: 4 Fig