Composition Of ω-3 And ω-6 Fatty Acids In Freeze-dried Chicken Embryo Eggs With Different Days Of Development

Fatty acids ω-3 and ω-6 composition and specially DHA were determined in freeze-dried chicken embryo eggs with pre-determined incubation periods. Fertile and embryo eggs presented palmitic (23.18 ± 0.54%), stearic (7.70 ± 0.28%), palmitoleic (3.00 ± 0.19%), oleic (36.28 ± 0.58%), linoleic (22.18 ± 0.34%), linolenic (1.08 ± 0.04%), arachidonic (2.04 ± 0.03%), docosahexaenoic (0.91 ± 0.03%), total ω-3 acids (2.26 ± 0.10%) and total ω-6 acids (24.62 ± 0.33%). There were no significant differences in total contents of ω-3 fatty acids (p=0.1226) between freeze-dried chicken embryo eggs with different incubation periods (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 days) and fertile freeze-dried chicken eggs (day 0). However, there were significant differences in total medium contents of ω-6 fatty acids (P=0.001). There was also a strong statistical evidence that quadratic model was related with expected values of DHA content (p= 0.0013).472219224Abril, R., Barclay, B., Fatty acid analysis of poultry eggs as methyl esters (1999) Método OT-GCPE, Rev. 3.1, , OmegaTech. Bolder, Co. 24/03/99(1996) Official Methods and Recommended Practices of de American Oil Chemists' Society. 4th Ed., , American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign IIBragagnolo, N., Turatti, J.M., Evaluation of "light" eggs in Brazil (1999) Associazione Italiana di Avicoltura Scientifica, Instituto di Zootecnia, 2, pp. 177-181. , Paper presented at VIII European Symposium on the Quality of Eggs and Eggs Products, Bologna, ItáliaBeig, D., Garcia, F.C.M., (1986) O Embrião de Galinha, , Campo Grande : UFMS/ Imprensa UniversitáriaCherian, G., Sim, J.S., Net transfer and incorporation of yolk n-3 fatty acids into developing chick embryos (1993) Poultry Science, 72, pp. 98-105Cherian, G., Gopalakrishnan, N., Akiba, Y., Sim, J.S., Effect of maternal dietary n-3 fatty acids on the accretion of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the tissues of developing chick embryo (1997) Biology of Neonate, 72, pp. 165-174Connor, W.E., Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease (2000) American Journal of Clinical Nutritional, 71 (SUPPL.), pp. 171S-175SFarkas, K., Noble, R.C., Speake, B.K., Development changes in the levels of molecular species of triacylglicerol that contain docosahexaenoic acid in adipose tissue of chick embryo (1996) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 115, pp. 1-6Ferrier, L.K., Gaston, L.J., Leeson, S., Squires, J., Weaver, B.J., Holub, B.J., α-linolenic acid - and docosahexaenoic acid - enriched eggs from hens fed flaxseed: Influence on blood lipids and platelet phospholipid fatty acids in human (1995) The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 62, pp. 81-86Lin, D.S., Connor, W.E., Anderson, G.J., The incorporation of n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids into chicken embryo from eggs yolks having vastly different fatty acid compositions (1991) Pediatric Research, 29, pp. 601-605Maldjian, A., Falkas, K., Noble, R.C., Cocchi, M., Speake, B.K., The transfer of docosahexaenoic acid from the yolk to the tissues of chicken embryo (1995) Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1258, pp. 81-99Nettleton, J.A., (1995) Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Health, , Chapman and Hall, New YorkNoble, R.C., Cocchi, M., Lipid metabolism and the neonatal chicken (1990) Prog. Lipid Res., 29, pp. 107-140Park, Y.K., Koo, M.H., Carvalho, P.O., Recentes Progresses dos Alimentos Funcionais (1997) Bol. SBCTA, 31Salatin, J., Pastured poultry profits (1993) Polyface Swoope, , VirginiaSpeake, B.K., Murray, A.M.B., Noble, R.C., Transport and transformations of yolk lipids during development of avian embryo (1998) Prog. Lipid Res., 37, pp. 1-32Stadelman, W.J., Pratt, D.E., Factors influencing composition the hen's egg (1989) World's Poultry Science Journal, 45, pp. 247-261Thapon, J.L., Bourgeois, C.M., L'oeuf et les ovoproduits (1994) Lavoisier -Technique et Documentation, , ParisVieira, S., Hoffmann, R., Estatísitica experimental (1989) Atlas, , São Paul

Immunological Balance Is Associated with Clinical Outcome after Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Type 1 Diabetes

Transplantation and autoimmunit

Team dynamics in emergency surgery teams: results from a first international survey

Background: Emergency surgery represents a unique context. Trauma teams are often multidisciplinary and need to operate under extreme stress and time constraints, sometimes with no awareness of the trauma\u2019s causes or the patient\u2019s personal and clinical information. In this perspective, the dynamics of how trauma teams function is fundamental to ensuring the best performance and outcomes. Methods: An online survey was conducted among the World Society of Emergency Surgery members in early 2021. 402 fully filled questionnaires on the topics of knowledge translation dynamics and tools, non-technical skills, and difficulties in teamwork were collected. Data were analyzed using the software R, and reported following the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES). Results: Findings highlight how several surgeons are still unsure about the meaning and potential of knowledge translation and its mechanisms. Tools like training, clinical guidelines, and non-technical skills are recognized and used in clinical practice. Others, like patients\u2019 and stakeholders\u2019 engagement, are hardly implemented, despite their increasing importance in the modern healthcare scenario. Several difficulties in working as a team are described, including the lack of time, communication, training, trust, and ego. Discussion: Scientific societies should take the lead in offering training and support about the abovementioned topics. Dedicated educational initiatives, practical cases and experiences, workshops and symposia may allow mitigating the difficulties highlighted by the survey\u2019s participants, boosting the performance of emergency teams. Additional investigation of the survey results and its characteristics may lead to more further specific suggestions and potential solutions

Seletividade de inseticidas as diferentes fases de desenvolvimento do predador Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: forficulidae).

O predador Doru luteipes (Scudder) e um dos pincipais reguladores da populacao de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) e Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) na cultura de milho (Zea mays). O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a seletividade de cinco inseticidas quimicos (deltametrina, lambdacialotrina, permetrina, diflubenzuron e triflumuron) e dois mecrobianos (Baculovirus e Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) sobre as diferentes fases de desenvolvimento do predador. Ovos e ninfas dos quatro instares receberam os inseticidas diretamente atraves de um pulverizador acoplado a uma esteira rolante. Adultos do predador receberam como alimento posturas de S. frugiperda, que foram pulverizadas com os diferentes inseticidas. Para os ovos, houve um efeito letal pronunciado com os inibidores de crescimento diflubenzuron (81,8% de mortalidade) e triflumuron (78,6%), sendo este tambem toxico para os instares ninfais (69,6%). Os inseticidas biologicos Baculovirus e B. thuringiensis foram seletivos a todas as fases de predador. A sobrevivencia do predador aos inseticidas foi crescente com o instar do inseto (S=39,5 + 7,79 I, R2 2 = 0,87). Os adultos tolerantes a todos os inseticidas (93,3% de sobrevivencia).199

Linearized Reflection Coefficients For Qp Waves In Anisotropic Media [linearização Dos Coeficientes De Reflexão De Ondas Qp Em Meios Anisotrópicos]

The reflection coefficients at a planar interface separating two anisotropic media have a nonlinear dependence on the elastic parameters and densities of both media. Linear approximations on the elastic parameters for the qP wave reflectivity are more convenient for AVO/AVD analysis. We present the solution of the Zoeppritz equations in terms of impedance and polarization matrices. Using this approach and assuming weak impedance contrast and weak anisotropy, a simple derivation of linearized approximations for qP the reflectivity is presented for general anisotropy. The linear approximations of reflection coefficients, qP and converted waves, for qP incidence are very close to the exact results for incidence angles up to 30 degrees considering moderate impedance contrast and anisotropy.1914760Aki, K., Richards, P.G., (1980) Quantitative Seismology: Theory and Methods, 1. , W. H. Freeman and Co., San FranciscoBanik, N.C., An effective anisotropy parameter in transversely isotropic media (1987) Geophysics, 52, pp. 1654-1664Castagna, J., AVO Analysis- Tutorial and Review (1992) Offset-dependent Reflectivity-Theory and Practice AVO Analysis: Soc. Expl. Geophys., pp. 3-35. , Castagna, J.P. & Backus, M. M. (Eds)Helbig, K., Foundations of Anisotropy for Exploration Seismics (1994) Handbook of Geophysical Exploration, 22. , Ed. PergamonHoffman, K., Ray, K., (1971) Álgebra Linear, , Polígono (ed.)Hudson, J.A., Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves in material containing cracks (1982) Geophys. J. R. Astr Soc., 64, pp. 133-150Musgrave, M.J.P., (1970) Crystal Acoustics, , Holden-Day Inc. San FranciscoOstrander, W.J., Plane-wave reflection coefficients for gas sand at non normal angles of incidence (1984) Geophysics, 49, pp. 1637-1648Postma, G.W., Wave propagation in stratified medium (1955) Geophysics, 20 (4), pp. 780-806Schoenberg, M., Douma, J., Elastic wave propagation in media with parallel fractures and aligned cracks (1988) Geophysics, 56, pp. 1331-1348Schoenberg, M., Protázio, J.S., Zoeppritz Rationalized and Generalized to Anisotropy (1992) Journal of Seismic Exploration, 1, pp. 125-144Thomsen, Weak elastic anisotropy (1986) Geophysics, 51, pp. 1954-1966Thomsen, Weak elastic anisotropic reflection (1993) Offset-dependent Reflectivity-Theory and Practice AVO Analysis: Soc. Exp. Geophys., pp. 103-111. , Castagna, J. P. & Backus, M. M. (Eds.)Vavrycuk, V., Psencik, I., PP-Wave reflection coefficients in weakly anisotropic elastic media (1998) Geophysics, 63 (6), pp. 2129-2141Zillmer, M., Gajewsky, D., Kashtan, B.M., Reflection coefficients for weak anisotropic media (1997) Geophys. J. Internat, 129, pp. 389-39

Does The Criterion For Prostate Biopsy Indication Impact Its Accuracy? A Prospective Population-based Outpatient Clinical Setting Study [¿impacta El Criterio Para Indicar La Biopsia Prostática Sobre Su Exactitud? Estudio Prospectivo Llevado A Cabo Sobre Una Población De Pacientes Ambulantes]

Introduction: Prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE) are the main tests for initial prostate investigation; there is no consensus about the best criterion for prostate biopsies. We aim to check the accuracy of different criteria in this context including PSA derivatives to detect prostate cancer. Material and methods: Four different criteria for indication of prostate biopsy were compared: (A) PSA-density (>15 ng/ ml/ cc); (B) PSA > 2,5ng/ml; (C) PSA-velocity (> 0.7 ng/ ml/ year); (D) free/total PSA ratio ( 0.05). Associating positive DRE with changed PSA, the PPV increased to 50%, 50%, 43.9% and 68.2% for criteria A, B, C and D, respectively (p > 0.05). In univariate analysis, DRE (positive versus negative), PSA level (>10 ng/ ml versus 15%) and age were associated with PC. In multivariate analysis only positive DRE was associated with prostate cancer. Conclusions: All the criteria of PSA derivatives are complementary and useful predictors of cancer risk. However, a positive DRE increased the PPV of PSA derivatives. New tools are needed to improve the accuracy of prostate cancer detection. © 2010 AEU. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L. Todos los derechos reservados.3511014Catalona, W.J., Richie, J.P., Ahmann, F.R., Hudson, M.A., Scardino, P.T., Flanigan, R.C., Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: Results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men (1994) J Urol., 151, pp. 1283-1290Catalona, W.J., Smith, D.S., Ratliff, T.L., Basler, J.W., Detection of organ-confined prostate cancer is increased through prostate-specific antigen-based screening (1993) JAMA, 270, pp. 948-954Richie, J.P., Catalona, W.J., Ahmann, F.R., Hudson, M.A., Scardino, P.T., Flanigan, R.C., Effect of patient age on early detection of prostate cancer with serum prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination (1993) Urology., 42, pp. 365-374Carter, H.B., A PSA threshold of 4.0 ng/mL for early detection of prostate cancer: The only rational approach for men 50 years old and older (2000) Urology., 55, pp. 796-799Catalona, W.J., Ramos, C.G., Carvalhal, G.F., Yan, Y., Lowering PSA cutoffs to enhance detection of curable prostate cancer (2000) Urology., 55, pp. 791-795Gann, P.H., Hennekens, C.H., Stampfer, M.J., A prospective evaluation of plasma prostate-specific antigen for detection of prostatic cancer (1995) JAMA, 273, pp. 289-294Heidenreich, A., Aus, G., Bolla, M., Joniau, S., Matveev, V.B., Schmid, H.P., EAU guidelines on prostate cancer (2009) Actas Urol Esp., 33, pp. 113-126Partin, A.W., Brawer, M.K., Subong, E.N., Kelley, C.A., Cox, J.L., Bruzek, D.J., Prospective evaluation of percent free-PSA and complexed-PSA for early detection of prostate cancer (1998) Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis., 1, pp. 197-203Catalona, W.J., Partin, A.W., Slawin, K.M., Brawer, M.K., Flanigan, R.C., Patel, A., Use of the percentage of free prostate-specific antigen to enhance differentiation of prostate cancer from benign prostatic disease: A prospective multicenter clinical trial (1998) JAMA, 279, pp. 1542-1547Kobori, Y., Kitagawa, Y., Mizokami, A., Komatsu, K., Namiki, M., Free-to-total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ratio contributes to an increased rate of prostate cancer detection in a Japanese population screened using a PSA level of 2.1-10.0 ng/mL as a criterion (2008) Int J Clin Oncol., 13, pp. 229-232Roehl, K.A., Antenor, J.A., Catalona, W.J., Robustness of free prostate specific antigen measurements to reduce unnecessary biopsies in the 2.6 to 4.0 ng/mL range (2002) J Urol., 168, pp. 922-925Lujan, M., Paez, A., Llanes, L., Miravalles, E., Berenguer, A., Prostate specific antigen density. Is there a role for this parameter when screening for prostate cancer? (2001) Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis., 4, pp. 146-149Catalona, W.J., Richie, J.P., Dekernion, J.B., Ahmann, F.R., Ratliff, T.L., Dalkin, B.L., Comparison of prostate specific antigen concentration versus prostate specific antigen density in the early detection of prostate cancer: Receiver operating characteristic curves (1994) J Urol., 152 (6 PART 1), pp. 2031-2036Stephan, C., Stroebel, G., Heinau, M., Lenz, A., Roemer, A., Lein, M., The ratio of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to prostate volume (PSA density) as a parameter to improve the detection of prostate carcinoma in PSA values in the range of < 4 ng/mL (2005) Cancer., 104, pp. 993-1003Catalona, W.J., Southwick, P.C., Slawin, K.M., Partin, A.W., Brawer, M.K., Flanigan, R.C., Comparison of percent free PSA, PSA density, and age-specific PSA cutoffs for prostate cancer detection and staging (2000) Urology., 56, pp. 255-260Carter, H.B., Ferrucci, L., Kettermann, A., Landis, P., Wright, E.J., Epstein, J.I., Detection of life-threatening prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen velocity during a window of curability (2006) J Natl Cancer Inst., 98, pp. 1521-1527Loeb, S., Roehl, K.A., Nadler, R.B., Yu, X., Catalona, W.J., Prostate specific antigen velocity in men with total prostate specific antigen less than 4 ng/mL (2007) J Urol., 178, pp. 2348-2352Stopiglia, R.M., Ferreira, U., Silva Jr., M.M., Matheus, W.E., Denardi, F., Reis, L.O., Prostate specific antigen decrease and prostate cancer diagnosis: Antibiotic versus placebo prospective randomized clinical trial (2010) J Urol., 183, pp. 940-944Vickers, A.J., Savage, C., O'Brien, M.F., Lilja, H., Systematic review of pretreatment prostate-specific antigen velocity and doubling time as predictors for prostate cancer (2009) J Clin Oncol., 27, pp. 398-403Sun, L., Moul, J.W., Hotaling, J.M., Rampersaud, E., Dahm, P., Robertson, C., (2007) Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) and PSA Velocity for Prostate Cancer Detection in Men Aged <50 Years. BJU Int., 99, pp. 753-757Loeb, S., Catalona, W.J., What to do with an abnormal PSA test (2008) Oncologist., 13, pp. 299-305Schroder, F.H., Roobol, M.J., Defining the optimal prostate-specific antigen threshold for the diagnosis of prostate cancer (2009) Curr Opin Urol., 19, pp. 227-231Stamey, T.A., Caldwell, M., McNeal, J.E., Nolley, R., Hemenez, M., Downs, J., The prostate specific antigen era in the United States is over for prostate cancer: What happened in the last 20 years? (2004) J Urol., 172, pp. 1297-1301Andriole, G.L., Crawford, E.D., Grubb III, R.L., Buys, S.S., Chia, D., Church, T.R., Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial (2009) N Engl J Med., 360, pp. 1310-1319Schröder, F.H., Hugosson, J., Roobol, M.J., Tammela, T.L., Ciatto, S., Nelen, V., Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study (2009) N Engl J Med., 360, pp. 1320-132

Multiazimuthal Modeling And Inversion Of Qp Reflection Coefficients In Fractured Media

We present a method for the exact modeling and inversion of multiazimuthal qP-wave reflection coefficients at an interface separating two anisotropic media. This procedure can be used for media with at least one of its planes of symmetry parallel to the interface (i.e., monoclinic or higher symmetries). To illustrate the method, we compute qP-wave reflection coefficients at an interface separating an isotropic medium (representing a seal rock) from a transversely isotropic medium (representing a reservoir rock with vertical aligned fractures). Forward modeling shows that the difference in the offset of the critical angles for different azimuths is proportional to the fracture density: the higher the fracture density, the larger the difference. In the second part of the paper, we use a global optimization technique (genetic algorithm) to invert wide-angle amplitude variation with offset (AVO) synthetic data. The model space consists of mass density and five elastic parameters of a transversely isotropic medium with a horizontal symmetry axis (HTI medium), which, to the first order, represents the fractured reservoir rock. For this model, we find that the configuration of three azimuths of data acquisition is the minimum number of acquisition planes needed to invert amplitude variation with offset/amplitude variation with azimuth (AVO/AVA) data. Further, there is a need for incidence angles up to 40°; a more narrow range of angles can lead to models that fit the data perfectly only up to the "maximum" incidence angle. We assume that the velocities and density of the isotropic rock are known, but use no prior information on the values of the model space parameters of the fractured rock except for reasonable velocity values in crustal rocks and constraints of elastic stability of solid media. After inversion for the model space parameters, we compute statistics of the 30 best models and likelihood functions, which provide information on the nonuniqueness and quality of the AVO/AVA inverse problem.64411431152Abreu, C.E.B.S., Simões-Filho, I.A., Modelagem sísmica para caracterização de fraturamento (1995) I Conf. Latin-American Union of Geophys., pp. 823-826. , Expanded AbstractsBasu, A., Frazer, L.N., Rapid determination of the critical temperature in simulated annealing inversion (1990) Science, 249, pp. 1409-1412Cary, P.W., Chapman, C.H., Automatic 1D inversion of marine refraction data (1988) J. Geophys. Res., 93, pp. 527-546Crampin, S., Effective anisotropic elastic constants for wave propagation through cracked solids (1984) Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc., 76, pp. 135-145Evaluation of anisotropy by shear-wave splitting (1985) Geophysics, 50, pp. 142-152De Hass, J.C., Berkhout, A.J., Practical approach to non-linear inversion of amplitude versus offset information (1989) 59th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., pp. 27-36. , Expanded AbstractsDocherty, P., Singh, S., A global technique for migration velocity analysis (1995) 65th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., pp. 1137-1140. , Expanded AbstractsEstill, R., Wrolstad, K., Interpretative aspects of AVO - Application to offshore Gulf Coast bright-spot analysis (1993) Offset-dependent Reflectivity: Theory and Practice of AVO Analysis, pp. 267-284. , Castagna, J. P., and Backus, M. M., Eds., Soc. Expl. GeophysFrazer, L.N., Basu, A., Freeze-bath inversion (1990) 60th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., pp. 1123-1125. , Expanded AbstractsGoldberg, D.E., (1989) Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning, , Addinson-Wesley Publ. CoHelbig, K., (1994) Foundations of Anisotropy for Exploration Seismics, , Pergamon PressHolland, J.H., (1975) Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, , Univ. of Michigan PressHorne, S., MacBeth, C., Inversion for seismic anisotropy using genetic algorithms (1994) Geophys. Prosp., 42, pp. 953-974Horne, S., MacBeth, C., Queen, J., Rizer, W., Cox, V., Fracture characterization from near-offset VSP inversion (1996) Geophys. Prosp., 45, pp. 141-164Hudson, J.A., Overall properties of a cracked solid (1980) Math. Proc. Cambr. Phil. Soc., 88, pp. 371-384Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves in material containing cracks (1981) Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc., 64, pp. 133-150Jin, S., Madariaga, R., Background velocity inversion with a genetic algorithm (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, pp. 93-96Kim, K.Y., Wrolstad, K.H., Aminzadeh, F., Effects of transverse isotropy on P-wave AVO for gas sands (1993) Geophysics, 58, pp. 883-888Lefeuvre, F., Fracture related anisotropy detection and analysis: "and if the P-waves were enough?" (1994) 64th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., pp. 942-945. , Expanded AbstractsMacdonald, C., Davis, P.M., Jackson, D.D., Inversion of reflection traveltimes and amplitudes (1987) Geophysics, 52, pp. 606-617Mallick, S., Model-based inversion of amplitude-variations-with-offset data using a genetic algorithm (1995) Geophysics, 60, pp. 939-954Mallick, S., Frazer, N.L., Reflection/transmission coefficients and azimuthal anisotropy in marine seismic studies (1991) Geophys. J. Internat., 105, pp. 241-252Martinez, R.D., Wave propagation effects on amplitude variation with offset measurements: A modeling study (1993) Geophysics, 58, pp. 534-543Musgrave, M.P.J., (1970) Crystal Acoustics, , Holden-DayNeves, F.A., DeHoop, M., Some remarks on non-linear AVA inversion (2000) Geophysics, , scheduled for early 2000Nolte, B., Frazer, L.N., Vertical seismic profile inversion with genetic algorithms (1994) Geophys. J. Internat., 117, pp. 162-178Ross, C.P., Kinmam, D.L., Nonbright spot AVO: Two examples (1995) Geophysics, 60, pp. 1398-1408Rüger, A., P-wave reflection coefficients for transversely isotropic models with vertical and horizontal axis of symmetry (1997) Geophysics, 62, pp. 713-722Sambridge, M.S., Drijkoningen, G.G., Genetic algorithms in seismic waveform inversion (1992) Geophys. J. Internat., 109, pp. 323-342Sambridge, M.S., Gallagher, K., Earthquake hypocenter location using genetic algorithms (1993) Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 83, pp. 1467-1491Sayers, C.M., Rickett, J.E., Azimuthal variation of AVO response for fractured gas sands (1997) Geophys. Prosp., 45, pp. 165-182Schoenberg, M., Protázio, J.S., Zoeppritz rationalized and generalized to anisotropy (1992) J. Seis. Expl., 1, pp. 125-144Sen, M.K., Stoffa, P.L., Rapid sampling of model space using genetic algorithm: Examples from seismic waveform inversion (1992) Geophys. J. Internat., 108, pp. 281-292Stoffa, P.L., Sen, M.K., Nonlinear multiparameter optimization using genetic algorithms: Inversion of plane-wave seismograms (1991) Geophysics, 56, pp. 1794-1810Thomsen, L., Weak elastic anisotropy (1986) Geophysics, 51, pp. 1954-1966Tinen, J.S., (1998) Modelagem e Inversão de Coeficientes de Reflexão e Transmissão em meios Fraturados, Usando Algoritmo Genético, , M.Sc. thesis, Univer. of CampinasTsvankin, I., Body-wave radiation patterns and AVO in transversely isotropic media (1995) Geophysics, 60, pp. 1409-1425Wiggins, R.A., Monte Carlo inversion of body wave observations (1969) J. Geophys. Res., 74, pp. 3171-3181Wright, J., The effects of transverse isotropy on reflection amplitude versus offset (1987) Geophysics, 52, pp. 564-56

Optimization Of Saponin Extraction Conditions From Ampelozizyphus Amazonicus By Using Experimental Design And Surface Response Methodology [otimização Das Condições De Extração De Saponinas Em Ampelozizyphus Amazonicus Usando Planejamento Experimental E Metodologia De Superfície De Resposta]

METHODOLOGY. This works describes the use of experimental design and surface response methodology for optimization of saponin extraction from Ampelozizyphus amazonicus. For this purpose, a method employing extraction based on maceration assisted by ultrasound technique was utilized. The following factors were studied: extraction length of time and solvent composition. The total saponin was determined by using a gravimetric method and the results expressed by their relative proportion to total crude extract. For the specific condition, 60% hydro-alcoholic solution and 18 minutes extraction length of time has shown the best results. This method can be useful for extraction of substances with biological importance.34916291633Oleszek, W.A., (2002) J. Chromatogr. A, 967, p. 147Simões, C.M.O., Schenkel, E.P., Gosmann, G., Palazzo De Mello, J.C., Ment, L.A., Petrovick, P., (1999) Farmacognosia: Da Planta ao Medicamento, , 1 a ed., Editora UFRGS/Editora UFSC, Porto Alegre - FlorianópolisPrado Martins, E.L., Brandão, M.G.L., (2006) Rev. Bras. Farmacogn., 16, p. 224Vigo, C.L.S., Narita, E., Marques, L.C., (2004) Rev. Bras. Farmacogn., 14, p. 137Sparg, S.G., Light, M.E., Van Staden, J., (2004) J. Ethnopharmacol., 94, p. 219Guterres, S.B., (2005) Dissertação de Mestrado, , Universidade de São Paulo, BrasilJacnezo, Z., Janson, P.E., Sendra, J., (1987) Planta Med., 53, p. 52Diniz, L.R.L., Santana, P.C., Ribeiro, A.P.A.F., Portella, V.J., Pacheco, L.F., Meyer, N.B., Cesar, I.C., Viera, M.A.R., (2009) J. Ethnopharmacol., 123, p. 275Andrade-Neto, V.F., Brandão, M.G.L., Nogueira, F., Rosario, V., Krettli, A.U., (2008) Int. J. Parasitol., 38, p. 1505Brandão, M.G.L., Lacailledubois, M.A., Teixeira, M.A., Krettli, A.U., Wagner, H., (1993) Phytochemistry, 34, p. 1123Chung, H., Ji, X.M., Canning, C., Sun, S., Zhou, K.Q., (2010) J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, p. 4508Korn, M., De Andrade, M.V.A.S., Borges, S.S., (2003) Revista Analytica, 2, p. 34Lin, L., Wu, J., Ho, K., Qi, S., (2001) Ultrasound in Med & Biol., 8, p. 1147Wu, J., Lin, L., Chau, F., (2001) Ultrason. Sonochem., 8, p. 347Box, G.E.P., Hunter, J.S., Hunter, H.G., (1978) Statistics for Experimenters, , John Wiley: New YorkBarros Neto, B., Scarmínio, I.S., Bruns, R.E., (1995) Planejamento e Otimização de Experimentos, , 2a.ed., Educamp: CampinasTeófilo, R.F., Ferreira, M.M.C., (2006) Quim. Nova, 29, p. 338Namba, T., Yoshizaki, M., Tomomori, T., (1974) Planta Med., 25, p. 28Noldin, V.F., Cechinel Filho, V., Monache, F.D., Benassi, J.C., Christmann, I.L., Pedrosa, R.C., Yunes, R.A., (2003) Quim. Nova, 26, p. 331Kwon, J., Bélanger, J.M.R., Paré, J.R., (2003) J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, p. 180