Eddy-induced variability in Southern Ocean abyssal mixing on climatic timescales

The Southern Ocean plays a pivotal role in the global ocean circulation and climate1, 2, 3. There, the deep water masses of the world ocean upwell to the surface and subsequently sink to intermediate and abyssal depths, forming two overturning cells that exchange substantial quantities of heat and carbon with the atmosphere4, 5. The sensitivity of the upper cell to climatic changes in forcing is relatively well established6. However, little is known about how the lower cell responds, and in particular whether small-scale mixing in the abyssal Southern Ocean, an important controlling process of the lower cell7, 8, is influenced by atmospheric forcing. Here, we present observational evidence that relates changes in abyssal mixing to oceanic eddy variability on timescales of months to decades. Observational estimates of mixing rates, obtained along a repeat hydrographic transect across Drake Passage, are shown to be dependent on local oceanic eddy energy, derived from moored current meter and altimetric measurements. As the intensity of the regional eddy field is regulated by the Southern Hemisphere westerly winds9, 10, our findings suggest that Southern Ocean abyssal mixing and overturning are sensitive to climatic perturbations in wind forcing

Uso de colostro fermentado naturalmente e preservado com formaldeído no aleitamento de bezerros

Com o objetivo de averiguar a viabilidade de utilização de colostro fermentado naturalmente e colostro preservado com formaldeído em aleitamento de bezerros, através de consumo de alimento, desenvolvimento ponderal , conversão alimentar e estado sanitário, trinta bezerros de ambos os sexos, da raça Holandesa malhada de preto, foram submetidos a três sistemas de aleitamento na fase de 1 a 35 dias de idade: 1º) sucedâneo de leite; 2º) colostro fermentado e 3º) colostro preservado com formal deído. As dietas líquidas foram suplementadas à vontade com ração inicial de 18% de proteína bruta e feno de Kikuiu (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst), de 19,8% de proteína bruta. Os animais foram distribuídos nos referidos tratamentos conforme delineamento de "experimentos inteiramente casual izados". Os consumos médios diários, ganhos médios diários de peso e conversão alimentar até os animais completarem 35 dias de idade foram, para os respectivos tratamentos, de 0,820 kg, 0,281 kg e 3,27; 0,796 kg, 0,396 kg e 2,23; 0,750 kg, 0,284 kg e 3,13. Da desmama até a 26ª semana, os ganhos diários médios foram de 0,655, 0,605 e 0,533 kg. Em relação a problemas sanitários, observou-se que quatro bezerros dos dez alimentados com sucedâneo apresentaram diarréia, contra dois em cada grupo de animais sob,regime de colostro. Os resultados indicaram que colostro fermentado e o preservado por formaldeído são excelentes alimentos substitutivos do leite integral ou de sucedâneo de leite. Apesar de não ter havido diferença significativa entre ambos os sistemas de aproveitamento, o colostro fermentado parece levar vantagem sobre o preservado por formal deído pela sua mais fácil preparação e melhor utilização pelo animal.Thirty Holstein calves were used to study the viability of utilization of naturally fermented of formaldehyde preserved colostrum through intake, growth, feed conversion and scouring incidence. Calves were alloted in a completely random design at 4 days of age to 1) milk replacer diet; 2) naturally fermented colostrum; 3) formaldehyde preserved colostrum. All calves were offered add libitum, 18% crude protein calf stater and Pennisetum olandestinum hay (19,8% protein). Average daily intake, gain and feed conversion at weaning (35 days of age) for treatments 1, 2 and 3 were respectively 0.820 kg, 0.281 kg, 3.27; 0.796 kg, 0.396 kg, 2.23; 0.750 kg, 0.28A kg and 3-13. From weaning to 26 weeks of age, average daily gains were 0.655, 0.605 and 0.533 kg. Four calves scouring (diharrea) on mi 1k, replacer diet and two on each colostrum diet. Results indicated that both, naturally fermented and formaldehyde preserved colostrum are excellents substitutes feeds for whole milk or milk replacer. In spite of no significative difference between both colostrum feeding systems, naturally fermented colostrum seems to be more advantageous than formaldehyde preserved colostrum by presenting easy prepartion and best utilization

The Clinical Frailty Scale for mortality prediction of old acutely admitted intensive care patients: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data.

BACKGROUND: This large-scale analysis pools individual data about the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) to predict outcome in the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: A systematic search identified all clinical trials that used the CFS in the ICU (PubMed searched until 24th June 2020). All patients who were electively admitted were excluded. The primary outcome was ICU mortality. Regression models were estimated on the complete data set, and for missing data, multiple imputations were utilised. Cox models were adjusted for age, sex, and illness acuity score (SOFA, SAPS II or APACHE II). RESULTS: 12 studies from 30 countries with anonymised individualised patient data were included (n = 23,989 patients). In the univariate analysis for all patients, being frail (CFS ≥ 5) was associated with an increased risk of ICU mortality, but not after adjustment. In older patients (≥ 65 years) there was an independent association with ICU mortality both in the complete case analysis (HR 1.34 (95% CI 1.25-1.44), p < 0.0001) and in the multiple imputation analysis (HR 1.35 (95% CI 1.26-1.45), p < 0.0001, adjusted for SOFA). In older patients, being vulnerable (CFS 4) alone did not significantly differ from being frail. After adjustment, a CFS of 4-5, 6, and ≥ 7 was associated with a significantly worse outcome compared to CFS of 1-3. CONCLUSIONS: Being frail is associated with a significantly increased risk for ICU mortality in older patients, while being vulnerable alone did not significantly differ. New Frailty categories might reflect its "continuum" better and predict ICU outcome more accurately. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Open Science Framework (OSF: https://osf.io/8buwk/ )

Atividade da gama glutamil transpeptidase urinária, dosagens séricas de uréia e creatinina como meios diagnósticos auxiliares na nefrotoxicidade induzida por aminoglicosídeo em cães Urinary gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity, urinalysis, bun and creatinine serum dosages as a auxiliary diagnostic mean in dogs nephrotoxicity induced by aminoglycosides

Foram utilizados 11 cães, hígidos, com idade entre 1 e 5 anos. Inicialmente procedeu-se à determinação dos valores basais através de cinco colheitas diárias de urina e sangue, e realizou-se a urinálise, determinação da atividade da gama glutamil transpeptidase urinária, dosagens sérica de uréia e creatinina. A nefrotoxicidade foi induzida com a utilização de10mg/kg de gentamicina, 3 vezes ao dia, durante 14 dias. As colheitas de urina foram realizadas a cada 24 hors e o sangue foi colhido a cada 48 horas, durante 14 dias. Após este período os cães foram submetidos à eutanásia, procedendo-se à necropsia, e estudo histopatológico dos rins. Os sinais clínicos apresentados foram apatia, anorexia, poliúria, oligúria, anúria, polidipsia, vômito e diarréia. Pela urinálise observou-se a ocorrência de proteinúria, glicosúria, hematúria, cilindrúria, celulúria e isostenúria; os valores de gama glutamil transpeptidase urinária elevaram-se de forma crescente a partir de 24 horas de administração da gentamicina até o final do experimento, a azotemia foi observada no 12&deg; e 14&deg; dias da pesquisa. Na avaliação histopatológica observou-se nefrose tubular aguda. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que a mensuração da atividade da gama glutamil transpeptidase urinária é um sensível indicador de lesão tubular renal possibilitando o diagnóstico precoce, juntamente com a urinálise.<br>Eleven healthy dogs, ranging from one to five years old, were used for this study. Base line values were determined through five daily samples of urine for urinalysis and urinary gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity, and blood for serum dosage of BUN and creatinine. Nephrotoxicity was induced using 10mg/kg of gentamicin, 3 times a day (tid), for 14 days. Urine samples were drawn every 24 hours and blood samples every 48 hours, for 14 days. After this period, the dogs were euthanized and necropsy was done for further histopathologic study. The clinical signs shown by the dogs were lethargy, anorexy, polyuria, oliguria, anuria, polydypsia, vomiting and diarrhea. Urinalysis findings were proteinuria, glucosuria, hematuria, cilindruria, celluria and decrease of urinary specific gravity and crescent values of urinary gamma glutamyl transpeptidase from 24 hours after gentamicin administration until the "end of" the experiment. Azotemia was noticed on the 12th and 14th days of the study. Acute tubular nephrosis was established in the histological evaluation. Based on the results found on this study, the measurement of the urinary gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity might be considered a sensitive indicator of renal tubular damage allowing early diagnosis of the lesion