A comparison of robust polynomial fitting, global geopotential model and spectral analysis for regional–residual gravity field separation in the Doñana National Park (Spain)

Doñana National Park is a protected area of approximately 500 km2 located on the SW coast of Spain with singular and interesting ecological and geological features. A gravimetric survey is presented where L&R gravity metres were used in the gravimetric observations with GPS and high-precision levelling positioning. Bouguer gravity anomalies were computed and least squares prediction was used for gross-error detection. Robust polynomial fitting, the recent EGM2008 global geopotential model (complete to degree and order 2159), and spectral analysis were tested for regional–residual gravity field separation. A detailed description of the gravimetric characteristics of the Doñana National Park is presented and the values of residual gravity anomalies were correlated with geological features, where the use of the EGM2008 global geopotential model has revealed an interesting tool for regional–residual gravity field separation. Finally, the interpretation of the results is justified by the well-known geological aspects of the park, but some modifications in the boundaries of the different geological features are needed in order to fit the modelled gravity with the residual gravity anomalies in the two cross-sections analysed.The studies presented here were part of CICYT (Spanish Research Directorate) research project nos. HID 97-0321 and REN2001-1293. We would like to thank all UPC members participating in these projects and the staff from the Biological Station of Donana (CSIC), Palacio de Donana and Donana National Park. We remain deeply grateful for the fruitful discussion with Dr. Salvany and for the geological review of the manuscript.Martín Furones, ÁE.; Nuñez Andrés, M.; Gili, J.; Anquela Julián, AB. (2011). A comparison of robust polynomial fitting, global geopotential model and spectral analysis for regional–residual gravity field separation in the Doñana National Park (Spain). Journal of Applied Geophysics. 75(2):327-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.06.037S32733775

A connectome of the adult drosophila central brain

The neural circuits responsible for behavior remain largely unknown. Previous efforts have reconstructed the complete circuits of small animals, with hundreds of neurons, and selected circuits for larger animals. Here we (the FlyEM project at Janelia and collaborators at Google) summarize new methods and present the complete circuitry of a large fraction of the brain of a much more complex animal, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Improved methods include new procedures to prepare, image, align, segment, find synapses, and proofread such large data sets; new methods that define cell types based on connectivity in addition to morphology; and new methods to simplify access to a large and evolving data set. From the resulting data we derive a better definition of computational compartments and their connections; an exhaustive atlas of cell examples and types, many of them novel; detailed circuits for most of the central brain; and exploration of the statistics and structure of different brain compartments, and the brain as a whole. We make the data public, with a web site and resources specifically designed to make it easy to explore, for all levels of expertise from the expert to the merely curious. The public availability of these data, and the simplified means to access it, dramatically reduces the effort needed to answer typical circuit questions, such as the identity of upstream and downstream neural partners, the circuitry of brain regions, and to link the neurons defined by our analysis with genetic reagents that can be used to study their functions. Note: In the next few weeks, we will release a series of papers with more involved discussions. One paper will detail the hemibrain reconstruction with more extensive analysis and interpretation made possible by this dense connectome. Another paper will explore the central complex, a brain region involved in navigation, motor control, and sleep. A final paper will present insights from the mushroom body, a center of multimodal associative learning in the fly brain

A connectome and analysis of the adult Drosophila central brain

The neural circuits responsible for animal behavior remain largely unknown. We summarize new methods and present the circuitry of a large fraction of the brain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Improved methods include new procedures to prepare, image, align, segment, find synapses in, and proofread such large data sets. We define cell types, refine computational compartments, and provide an exhaustive atlas of cell examples and types, many of them novel. We provide detailed circuits consisting of neurons and their chemical synapses for most of the central brain. We make the data public and simplify access, reducing the effort needed to answer circuit questions, and provide procedures linking the neurons defined by our analysis with genetic reagents. Biologically, we examine distributions of connection strengths, neural motifs on different scales, electrical consequences of compartmentalization, and evidence that maximizing packing density is an important criterion in the evolution of the fly’s brain

Formal System Processing of Juveniles: Effects on Delinquency

Justice practitioners have tremendous discretion on how to handle juvenile offenders. Police officers, district attorneys, juvenile court intake officers, juvenile and family court judges, and other officials can decide whether the juvenile should be “officially processed” by the juvenile justice system, diverted from the system to a program, counseling or some other services, or to do nothing at all (release the juvenile altogether). An important policy question is which strategy leads to the best outcomes for juveniles. This is an important question in the United States, but many other nations are concerned with the decision to formally process or divert juvenile offenders. There have been a number of randomized experiments in the juvenile courts that have examined the impact of juvenile system processing that should be gathered together in a systematic fashion to provide rigorous evidence about the impact of this decision on subsequent offending by juveniles. Our objective is to answer the question: Does juvenile system processing reduce subsequent delinquency? Based on the evidence presented in this report, juvenile system processing appears to not have a crime control effect, and across all measures appears to increase delinquency. This was true across measures of prevalence, incidence, severity, and self-report. Given the additional financial costs associated with system processing (especially when compared to doing nothing) and the lack of evidence for any public safety benefit, jurisdictions should review their policies regarding the handling of juveniles

A connectome and analysis of the adult Drosophila central brain

The neural circuits responsible for animal behavior remain largely unknown. We summarize new methods and present the circuitry of a large fraction of the brain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Improved methods include new procedures to prepare, image, align, segment, find synapses in, and proofread such large data sets. We define cell types, refine computational compartments, and provide an exhaustive atlas of cell examples and types, many of them novel. We provide detailed circuits consisting of neurons and their chemical synapses for most of the central brain. We make the data public and simplify access, reducing the effort needed to answer circuit questions, and provide procedures linking the neurons defined by our analysis with genetic reagents. Biologically, we examine distributions of connection strengths, neural motifs on different scales, electrical consequences of compartmentalization, and evidence that maximizing packing density is an important criterion in the evolution of the fly's brain

A comparison of oleamide in the brains of hibernating and non-hibernating Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii) and its inability to bind to brain fatty acid binding protein

Hibernation has been suggested to cause sleep debt, and since oleamide is elevated in the central nervous system of sleep-deprived mammals we hypothesized that brains from hibernating mammals would contain more oleamide than those that were not hibernating. Oleamide was 2.6-fold greater in brains of hibernating Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii) than in euthermic brains. Additionally, brain fatty acid-binding protein did not bind oleamide and does not represent a solubilized pool of oleamide