Why do employees speak up? Examining the roles of LMX, perceived risk and perceived leader power in predicting voice behavior

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand better why employees voice. Drawing on social information processing theory and insights derived from the literature on power, the authors suggest that leader–member exchange (LMX) fosters voice by reducing the perceived risk of voicing. The authors further contend that high perceived leader power will strengthen this mediated relationship. Design/methodology/approach The authors relied on a sample of 265 employee-supervisor dyads collected from Chinese organizations to test the study hypotheses. Findings Results indicated that perceived risk of voicing significantly mediated the positive LMX–voice behavior relationship. In addition, perceived leader power strengthened the effect of LMX on voice behavior via perceived risk of voicing. The relationship of LMX to perceived risk of voicing was more negative, and the indirect effect of LMX on voice behavior was more positive when employees perceived that leader power was high. Practical implications Organizations seeking to promote voice behaviors should support leaders to develop high-quality relationships with employees. Organizations should also ensure that leaders are sufficiently empowered to fulfill their roles, and ensure that employees are aware of their leaders’ influence. Originality/value Findings suggest that, in the context of high quality leader–member relationships, employees’ perceptions of their leaders’ power may help to overcome barriers associated with speaking up. Thus, this study helps explain the conditions that encourage employees to voice

The monomeric glutamyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli. Purification and relation between its structural and catalytic properties.

The glutamyl-tRNA synthetase has been purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli with a yield of about 50%. It is a monomer with a molecular weight of 56,000 and has the same kinetic properties as those of the alpha chain of the dimeric alphabeta-glutamyl-tRNA synthetase described previously (Lapointe, J., and Söll, D. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 4966-4974). It is the smallest amino-acyl-tRNA synthetase purified from E. coli and contains no important sequence repetition. It is also the only monomeric aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase reported so far to contain no major sequence duplication. Considering its structural and mechanistic similarities with the glutaminyl- and the arginyl-tRNA synthetases of E. coli, we propose the existence of a relation between the true monomeric character of the glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (as opposed to monomers with sequence duplications) and its requirement for tRNA in the activation of glutamate. A single sulfhydryl group of the native enzyme reacts with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) causing no loss of enzymatic activity, whereas four such groups per enzyme react in the presence of 4 M guanidine HCl.journal article1979 Jan 25importe

Braid Structure and Raising-Lowering Operator Formalism in Sutherland Model

We algebraically construct the Fock space of the Sutherland model in terms of the eigenstates of the pseudomomenta as basis vectors. For this purpose, we derive the raising and lowering operators which increase and decrease eigenvalues of pseudomomenta. The operators exchanging eigenvalues of two pseudomomenta have been known. All the eigenstates are systematically produced by starting from the ground state and multiplying these operators to it.Comment: 11 pages, Latex, no figure

Rodrigues Formula for the Nonsymmetric Multivariable Hermite Polynomial

Applying a method developed by Takamura and Takano for the nonsymmetric Jack polynomial, we present the Rodrigues formula for the nonsymmetric multivariable Hermite polynomial.Comment: 5 pages, LaTe

Equivalence of the super Lax and local Dunkl operators for Calogero-like models

Following Shastry and Sutherland I construct the super Lax operators for the Calogero model in the oscillator potential. These operators can be used for the derivation of the eigenfunctions and integrals of motion of the Calogero model and its supersymmetric version. They allow to infer several relations involving the Lax matrices for this model in a fast way. It is shown that the super Lax operators for the Calogero and Sutherland models can be expressed in terms of the supercharges and so called local Dunkl operators constructed in our recent paper with M. Ioffe. Several important relations involving Lax matrices and Hamiltonians of the Calogero and Sutherland models are easily derived from the properties of Dunkl operators.Comment: 25 pages, Latex, no figures. Accepted for publication in: Jounal of Physics A: Mathematical and Genera

Theory of electronic transport through a triple quantum dot in the presence of magnetic field

Theory of electronic transport through a triangular triple quantum dot subject to a perpendicular magnetic field is developed using a tight binding model. We show that magnetic field allows to engineer degeneracies in the triple quantum dot energy spectrum. The degeneracies lead to zero electronic transmission and sharp dips in the current whenever a pair of degenerate states lies between the chemical potential of the two leads. These dips can occur with a periodicity of one flux quantum if only two levels contribute to the current or with half flux quantum if the three levels of the triple dot contribute. The effect of strong bias voltage and different lead-to-dot connections on Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in the conductance is also discussed

Collective Field Description of Spin Calogero-Sutherland Models

Using the collective field technique, we give the description of the spin Calogero-Sutherland Model (CSM) in terms of free bosons. This approach can be applicable for arbitrary coupling constant and provides the bosonized Hamiltonian of the spin CSM. The boson Fock space can be identified with the Hilbert space of the spin CSM in the large $N$ limit. We show that the eigenstates corresponding to the Young diagram with a single row or column are represented by the vertex operators. We also derive a dual description of the Hamiltonian and comment on the construction of the general eigenstates.Comment: 14 pages, one figure, LaTeX, with minor correction

Measurements of D0D^{0} and D∗D^{*} Production in pp + pp Collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 200 GeV

We report measurements of charmed-hadron ($D^{0}$, $D^{*}$) production cross sections at mid-rapidity in $p$ + $p$ collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 200 GeV by the STAR experiment. Charmed hadrons were reconstructed via the hadronic decays $D^{0}\rightarrow K^{-}\pi^{+}$, $D^{*+}\rightarrow D^{0}\pi^{+}\rightarrow K^{-}\pi^{+}\pi^{+}$ and their charge conjugates, covering the $p_T$ range of 0.6$-$2.0 GeV/$c$ and 2.0$-$6.0 GeV/$c$ for $D^{0}$ and $D^{*+}$, respectively. From this analysis, the charm-pair production cross section at mid-rapidity is $d\sigma/dy|_{y=0}^{c\bar{c}}$ = 170 $\pm$ 45 (stat.) $^{+38}_{-59}$ (sys.) $\mu$b. The extracted charm-pair cross section is compared to perturbative QCD calculations. The transverse momentum differential cross section is found to be consistent with the upper bound of a Fixed-Order Next-to-Leading Logarithm calculation.Comment: 15 pages, 16 figures. Revised version submitted to Phys. Rev.

Inclusive charged hadron elliptic flow in Au + Au collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 7.7 - 39 GeV

A systematic study is presented for centrality, transverse momentum ($p_T$) and pseudorapidity ($\eta$) dependence of the inclusive charged hadron elliptic flow ($v_2$) at midrapidity($|\eta| < 1.0$) in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27 and 39 GeV. The results obtained with different methods, including correlations with the event plane reconstructed in a region separated by a large pseudorapidity gap and 4-particle cumulants ($v_2{4}$), are presented in order to investigate non-flow correlations and $v_2$ fluctuations. We observe that the difference between $v_2{2}$ and $v_2{4}$ is smaller at the lower collision energies. Values of $v_2$, scaled by the initial coordinate space eccentricity, $v_{2}/\varepsilon$, as a function of $p_T$ are larger in more central collisions, suggesting stronger collective flow develops in more central collisions, similar to the results at higher collision energies. These results are compared to measurements at higher energies at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ($\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 62.4 and 200 GeV) and at the Large Hadron Collider (Pb + Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV). The $v_2(p_T)$ values for fixed $p_T$ rise with increasing collision energy within the $p_T$ range studied ($< 2 {\rm GeV}/c$). A comparison to viscous hydrodynamic simulations is made to potentially help understand the energy dependence of $v_{2}(p_{T})$. We also compare the $v_2$ results to UrQMD and AMPT transport model calculations, and physics implications on the dominance of partonic versus hadronic phases in the system created at Beam Energy Scan (BES) energies are discussed.Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures. Version accepted by PR