12,212 research outputs found
Efficient PML for the wave equation
In the last decade, the perfectly matched layer (PML) approach has proved a
flexible and accurate method for the simulation of waves in unbounded media.
Most PML formulations, however, usually require wave equations stated in their
standard second-order form to be reformulated as first-order systems, thereby
introducing many additional unknowns. To circumvent this cumbersome and
somewhat expensive step, we instead propose a simple PML formulation directly
for the wave equation in its second-order form. Inside the absorbing layer, our
formulation requires only two auxiliary variables in two space dimensions and
four auxiliary variables in three space dimensions; hence it is cheap to
implement. Since our formulation requires no higher derivatives, it is also
easily coupled with standard finite difference or finite element methods.
Strong stability is proved while numerical examples in two and three space
dimensions illustrate the accuracy and long time stability of our PML
formulation.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figure
WaND Briefing Note 28 Revised Options for UK Domestic Water Reduction - A Review
Demand pressure on UK water supplies is expected to increase in the next 20 years driven by increasing population, new housing development and reducing household size. Regionally and at town level migration will also affect demand particularly in the South-East which is forecast to have a larger than average growth in population and house building.
The water demand moderating trends that are considered to have the greatest effect on UK consumption, in approximate order, are:
1. Metering
2. Low flush toilets
3. Normal showers
4. Efficient washing machines
5. Dishwashers
6. Cistern displacement devices (in existing homes with large cisterns)
7. Water efficient gardening measures can play an important role in reducing demand during critical drought period
The Options for UK Domestic Water Reduction: A Review
Demand pressure on UK water supplies is expected to increase in the next 20 years driven by increasing population, new housing development and reducing household size. Regionally and locally migration will also afect demand particularly in the South-East.
The water reduction trends that will have the greatest reduction effect on UK consumption are:
1. For new homes; metering and new efficiencies in design and construction (e.g. low flush toilets, heating and plumbing efficiences)
2. For established housing; metering and modern washing machines
Does a Simple Lattice Protein Folding Model Exhibit Self-Organized Criticality?
Proteins are known to fold into tertiary structures that determine their functionality in living organisms. However, the way they consistently fold to the same structure is unknown. Our research sees if the folding process can be viewed computationally through the lens of self-organized criticality using a simple lattice-bound protein
Adolescent Health Services: Missing Opportunities
Examines the status of adolescents' health and health services, including critical needs, promising models, and components for improving disease prevention and health promotion. Recommends better primary care, coordinated policy, and expanded coverage
Investigation in haemodynamic stability during intermittent haemodialysis in the critically ill
No abstract available
MACROWater: a Top-down, Policy-driven Model for Forecasting Domestic Water Demand
MACROWater is a top-down domestic water demand model developed for the WaND project (Water Cycle Management for New Developments). Forecasts have been produced for all local authorities in England and Wales. They can be aggregrated for different reporting areas (such as Government Office Regions, Sustainable Communities and water companies). Sustainable community is the official term for key strategic areas, earmarked for rapid expansion of housing supply (such as the M11 corridor, Ashford, Milton Keynes). This model description uses the UK's biggest Sustainable Community, Thames Gateway, as the example case study.
Utilising Domestic Consumption Monitors from the water companies supplying this area, combined with housing, household and population projections, the authors have modelled domestic demand in detail. Alternative futures are considered using a set of urban water management scenarios, which represent different levels of adoption of water-saving technologies and different consumption patterns. For example, under the greener scenarios, new homes are fitted out with water-efficient equipment, allied with incentives to replace/refurbish as much old housing stock as possible. The modelling work demonstrates that increased demand from new developments can be accommodated but only through strict demand management and some new water supply measures
An investigation into the effects of commencing haemodialysis in the critically ill
<b>Introduction:</b>
We have aimed to describe haemodynamic changes when haemodialysis is instituted in the critically ill. 3
hypotheses are tested: 1)The initial session is associated with cardiovascular instability, 2)The initial session is
associated with more cardiovascular instability compared to subsequent sessions, and 3)Looking at unstable
sessions alone, there will be a greater proportion of potentially harmful changes in the initial sessions compared
to subsequent ones.
<b>Methods:</b>
Data was collected for 209 patients, identifying 1605 dialysis sessions. Analysis was performed on hourly
records, classifying sessions as stable/unstable by a cutoff of >+/-20% change in baseline physiology
(HR/MAP). Data from 3 hours prior, and 4 hours after dialysis was included, and average and minimum values
derived. 3 time comparisons were made (pre-HD:during, during HD:post, pre-HD:post). Initial sessions were
analysed separately from subsequent sessions to derive 2 groups. If a session was identified as being unstable,
then the nature of instability was examined by recording whether changes crossed defined physiological ranges.
The changes seen in unstable sessions could be described as to their effects: being harmful/potentially harmful,
or beneficial/potentially beneficial.
<b>Results:</b>
Discarding incomplete data, 181 initial and 1382 subsequent sessions were analysed. A session was deemed to
be stable if there was no significant change (>+/-20%) in the time-averaged or minimum MAP/HR across time
comparisons. By this definition 85/181 initial sessions were unstable (47%, 95% CI SEM 39.8-54.2). Therefore
Hypothesis 1 is accepted. This compares to 44% of subsequent sessions (95% CI 41.1-46.3). Comparing these
proportions and their respective CI gives a 95% CI for the standard error of the difference of -4% to 10%.
Therefore Hypothesis 2 is rejected. In initial sessions there were 92/1020 harmful changes. This gives a
proportion of 9.0% (95% CI SEM 7.4-10.9). In the subsequent sessions there were 712/7248 harmful changes.
This gives a proportion of 9.8% (95% CI SEM 9.1-10.5). Comparing the two unpaired proportions gives a
difference of -0.08% with a 95% CI of the SE of the difference of -2.5 to +1.2. Hypothesis 3 is rejected. Fisher’s
exact test gives a result of p=0.68, reinforcing the lack of significant variance.
<b>Conclusions:</b>
Our results reject the claims that using haemodialysis is an inherently unstable choice of therapy. Although
proportionally more of the initial sessions are classed as unstable, the majority of MAP and HR changes are
beneficial in nature
X-ray reverberation in 1H0707-495 revisited
The narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy 1H0707-495 has previously been identified as
showing time lags between flux variations in the soft- (0.3-1 keV) and
medium-energy (1-4 keV) X-ray bands that oscillate between positive and
negative values as a function of the frequency of the mode of variation. Here
we measure and analyse the lags also between a harder X-ray band (4-7.5 keV)
and the soft and medium bands, using existing XMM-Newton data, and demonstrate
that the entire spectrum of lags, considering both the full energy range,
0.3-7.5 keV, and the full frequency range, 10^-5 < nu < 10^-2 Hz, are
inconsistent with previous claims of arising as reverberation associated with
the inner accretion disk. Instead we demonstrate that a simple reverberation
model, in which scattering or reflection is present in all X-ray bands,
explains the full set of lags without requiring any ad hoc explanation for the
time lag sign changes. The range of time delays required to explain the
observed lags extends up to about 1800 s in the hard band. The results are
consistent with reverberation caused by scattering of X-rays passing through an
absorbing medium whose opacity decreases with increasing energy and that
partially-covers the source. A high covering factor of absorbing and scattering
circumnuclear material is inferred.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA
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