Retirement age and type as predictors of frailty : a retrospective cohort study of older businessmen

Objectives To study the association between retirement characteristics and frailty in a homogenous population of former business executives. Design Cross-sectional cohort study using data from the Helsinki Businessmen Study. Setting Helsinki, Finland. Participants 1324 Caucasian men, born in 1919-1934, who had worked as business executives and managers and of whom 95.9% had retired by the year 2000. Questions on age at and type of retirement, lifestyle and chronic conditions were embedded in questionnaires. Primary and secondary outcome measures Frailty assessed according to a modified phenotype definition at mean age 73.3 years. Results Mean age at retirement was 61.3 years (SD 4.3) and 37.1% had retired due to old age. The prevalence of frailty was lowest among men retiring at ages 66-67 years but increased among those who worked up to age 70 years or older. Compared with men who retired before age 55 years, those retiring at ages 58-69 years were at decreased risk of frailty in old age relative to non-frailty (adjusted ORs 0.07-0.29, pPeer reviewe

Hepatic Fat Accumulation Is Modulated by the Interaction between the rs738409 Variant in the PNPLA3 Gene and the Dietary Omega6/Omega3 PUFA Intake

A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), the rs738409, in the patatin like phospholipase 3 gene (PNPLA3) has been recently associated with increased hepatic steatosis and ALT levels in adults and children. Given the potential role of PNPLA3 in fatty liver development, we aimed to explore whether the influence of PNPLA3 genotype on hepatic fat in obese youth might be modulated by dietary factors such as essential omega polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake.We studied 127 children and adolescents (56 boys, 71 girls; 58 Caucasians; 30 African Americans and 39 Hispanics; mean age 14.7±3.3; mean BMI 30.7±7.2). The dietary composition was assessed by the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R version 2011). The patients underwent a MRI study to assess the liver fat content (HFF%), ALT measurement and the genotyping of the rs738409 SNP by automatic sequencing.As previously observed, HFF% and ALT levels varied according to the genotype in each ethnicity. ALT levels and HFF% were significantly influenced by the interaction between genotype and omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratio (n-6/n-3), p = 0.003 and p = 0.002, respectively. HFF% and ALT levels were, in fact, related to the n-6/n-3 consumption only in subjects homozygote for the G allele of the rs738409 (r2 = 0.45, p =  0.001 and r2 = 0.40, p = 0.006, respectively).These findings suggest that the association of a high dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA with fatty liver and liver damage in obese youths may be driven by a predisposing genotype

Bayesian Variable Selection in Searching for Additive and Dominant Effects in Genome-Wide Data

Peer reviewe

Effect of two microbial phytase preparations on phosphorus utilisation in broilers fed maize-soybean meal based diets

The present study was carried out to determine the effect of two microbial phytases, Aspergillus niger (FINASEâ FP-500, 291 PU (phytase units)/g) and Trichoderma reesei phytase (FINASEâ P, 5880 PU/g) on phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) utilisation and ileal P and Ca digestibility in broiler chickens fed diets based on maize and soybean meal. A total of 96 Ross broiler chickens housed four birds to a cage were used. Four dietary treatments consisted of a positive control supplemented with dicalcium phosphate (17 g/kg), a negative control without inorganic P, basal diet without inorganic P supplemented with Aspergillus niger phytase (2.6 g/kg) and basal diet without inorganic P supplemented with Trichoderma reesei phytase (0.13 g/kg). Both phytases provided 750 PU/kg feed. P retention per unit intake was lowest and P excretion highest in birds fed the positive control diet with inorganic P (PSulavuus- ja tasekokeessa selvitettiin kahden erilaisen fytaasientsyymilisäyksen vaikutuksiamaissi-soijarouherehuseosta saaneiden broilereiden fosforin hyväksikäyttöön ja eritykseen. Tutkittavat fytaasientsyymivalmisteet, FINASEâ FP-500 ja FINASEâ P, oli tuotettu kahdella erilaisella mikrobikannalla, Aspergillus nigerillä tai Trichoderma reeseillä. Kokeessa oli 96 broilerpoikasta, joiden ikä kokeen alussa oli 21 ja lopussa 37 vuorokautta. Broilereita pidettiin kolmikerroksisessa häkkipatterissa neljän eläimen häkeissä. Rakeistetun koerehun pääasiallisina raaka-aineina olivat maissi ja soijarouhe. Koekäsittelyjä oli neljä: positiivinen vertailu, jossa dikalsiumfosfaattitäydennys, negatiivinen vertailu ilman epäorgaanista fosforitäydennystä sekä kaksi rehua ilman epäorgaanista fosforia, joihin oli lisätty joko Aspergillus tai Trichoderma pohjaista fytaasientsyymiä. Molemmat fytaasientsyymilisäykset paransivat selvästi maissi-soijarouhe-rehun fosforin käyttökelpoisuutta ja vähensivät ulosteissa erittyvän fosforin määrää. Kasvifosforin hyväksikäyttö parani 38,5 %:sta 51,1%:iin verrattuna rehuun, joka ei sisältänyt epäorgaanista fosforia tai fytaasientsyymiä. Myös fosforin ohutsuolisulavuus parantui fytaasientsyymin vaikutuksesta. Sekä Aspergillus että Trichoderma fytaasin vaikutukset fosforin hyväksikäyttöön olivat samanlaiset. Fytaasientsyymi paransi myös rehun kalsiumin hyväksikäyttöä, mutta vaikutukset muiden ravintoaineiden hyväksikäyttöön tai sulavuuteen olivat vähäisiä

Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and metabolisable energy value in grains for broilers

Using ileal digestible amino acids in feed optimising will intensify feed protein utilizing and decrease nitrogen excretion to the environment. The study determined the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) coefficients of amino acids in barley, wheat, oats, triticale, maize, and dehulled oats in the diets of 180 Ross broiler chickens (aged 2435 days). The birds were fed semi-purified diets that contained grain as the sole protein source and chromium-mordanted straw as an indigestible marker. The AID coefficients of the nutrients were assessed using the slaughter technique, and the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) was determined using total excreta collection. The ileal digestibility of the dry matter and organic matter were the highest in maize. The AME of maize was higher than that of other cereals. The ileal digestibility of crude protein was higher in wheat than that in barley, oats and dehulled oats. The AME of wheat was similar to that of barley and oats but lower than that of triticale and dehulled oats. The amino acid AID was highest in wheat (0.86) and triticale (0.85) and lowest in oats (0.79) and barley 0.77). The average amino acid AID was 0.81 in dehulled oats. The threonine AID was the same in all tested ingredients. The lysine, methionine, and cystine AID coefficients were 0.81, 0.79, and 0.71 respectively for barley; 0.86, 0.84, and 0.38 respectively for oats; 0.87, 0.86, and 0.53 respectively for dehulled oats; 0.84, 0.90, and 0.66 respectively for maize; 0.89, 0.88, and 0.77 respectively for triticale; and 0.87, 0.85, and 0.71 respectively for wheat. Results indicated that AME values of domestic grains (barley, oats and wheat) are in the same level. Especially, low AME value of wheat needs further investigation.;Aminohappojen ohutsuolisulavuuteen perustuvavalkuaisarvojärjestelmä tarkentaa siipikarjan rehusuunnittelua. Se vähentää valkuaisen yliruokintaa ja typpipäästöjä. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin ohran, vehnän, kauran, ruisvehnän, maissin ja kuoritun kauran aminohappojen näennäinen ohutsuolisulavuus 180 Ross-broilereilla (ikä 2435 päivää). Linnut ruokittiin puolipuhdistetuilla rehuilla, joissa vilja oli ainoa valkuaisen lähde. Ravintoaineiden näennäinen ohutsuolisulavuus määritettiin teurastustekniikalla ja näennäinen muuntokelpoinen energia kokonaiskeruulla. Maissin kuiva-aineen ja orgaanisen aineen ohutsuolisulavuus oli korkein. Myös maissin näennäinen muuntokelpoinen energia-arvo oli korkein. Raakaproteiinin ohutsuolisulavuus oli korkeampi vehnässä kuin ohrassa, kaurassa ja kuoritussa kaurassa. Vehnän näennäinen muuntokelpoinen energia-arvo oli sama kuin ohran ja kauran, mutta alhaisempi kuin ruisvehnän ja kuoritun kauran. Vehnän ja ruisvehnän aminohappojen ohutsuolisulavuudet olivat korkeimmat ja kauran ja ohran alhaisimmat. Treoniinin aminohappojen ohutsuolisulavuus oli sama kaikissa viljoissa. Lysiinin, metioniin ja kystiinin näennäinen ohutsuolisulavuus oli 0,81, 0,79 ja 0,71 ohrassa, 0,86, 0,84 ja 0,38 kaurassa, 0,87, 0,86 ja 0,53 kuoritussa kaurassa, 0,84, 0,90 ja 0,66 maississa, 0,89, 0,88 ja 0,77 ruisvehnässä sekä 0,87, 0,85 ja 0,71 vehnässä. Kokeen tulokset osoittivat, että kotimaisten viljojen, ohran, kauran ja vehnän, muuntokelpoiset energia-arvot ovat samalla tasolla. Erityisesti vehnän matalan energia-arvon varmentaminen vaatii lisäselvityksiä

Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and metabolisable energy value in grains for broilers

Using ileal digestible amino acids in feed optimising will intensify feed protein utilizing and decrease nitrogen excretion to the environment. The study determined the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) coefficients of amino acids in barley, wheat, oats, triticale, maize, and dehulled oats in the diets of 180 Ross broiler chickens (aged 2435 days). The birds were fed semi-purified diets that contained grain as the sole protein source and chromium-mordanted straw as an indigestible marker. The AID coefficients of the nutrients were assessed using the slaughter technique, and the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) was determined using total excreta collection. The ileal digestibility of the dry matter and organic matter were the highest in maize. The AME of maize was higher than that of other cereals. The ileal digestibility of crude protein was higher in wheat than that in barley, oats and dehulled oats. The AME of wheat was similar to that of barley and oats but lower than that of triticale and dehulled oats. The amino acid AID was highest in wheat (0.86) and triticale (0.85) and lowest in oats (0.79) and barley 0.77). The average amino acid AID was 0.81 in dehulled oats. The threonine AID was the same in all tested ingredients. The lysine, methionine, and cystine AID coefficients were 0.81, 0.79, and 0.71 respectively for barley; 0.86, 0.84, and 0.38 respectively for oats; 0.87, 0.86, and 0.53 respectively for dehulled oats; 0.84, 0.90, and 0.66 respectively for maize; 0.89, 0.88, and 0.77 respectively for triticale; and 0.87, 0.85, and 0.71 respectively for wheat. Results indicated that AME values of domestic grains (barley, oats and wheat) are in the same level. Especially, low AME value of wheat needs further investigation.