Heat recovery subsystem and overall system integration of fuel cell on-site integrated energy systems

The best HVAC (heating, ventilating and air conditioning) subsystem to interface with the Engelhard fuel cell system for application in commercial buildings was determined. To accomplish this objective, the effects of several system and site specific parameters on the economic feasibility of fuel cell/HVAC systems were investigated. An energy flow diagram of a fuel cell/HVAC system is shown. The fuel cell system provides electricity for an electric water chiller and for domestic electric needs. Supplemental electricity is purchased from the utility if needed. An excess of electricity generated by the fuel cell system can be sold to the utility. The fuel cell system also provides thermal energy which can be used for absorption cooling, space heating and domestic hot water. Thermal storage can be incorporated into the system. Thermal energy is also provided by an auxiliary boiler if needed to supplement the fuel cell system output. Fuel cell/HVAC systems were analyzed with the TRACE computer program

Realization of the purely spatial Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox in full-field images of spontaneous parametric down conversion

We demonstrate Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entanglement by detecting purely spatial quantum correlations in the near and far fields of spontaneous parametric down-conversion generated in a type-2 beta barium borate crystal. Full-field imaging is performed in the photon-counting regime with an electron-multiplying CCD camera. The data are used without any postselection, and we obtain a violation of Heisenberg inequalities with inferred quantities taking into account all the biphoton pairs in both the near and far fields by integration on the entire two-dimensional transverse planes. This ensures a rigorous demonstration of the EPR paradox in its original position momentum form

Magnetic domain structure and dynamics in interacting ferromagnetic stacks with perpendicular anisotropy

The time and field dependence of the magnetic domain structure at magnetization reversal were investigated by Kerr microscopy in interacting ferromagnetic Co/Pt multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy. Large local inhomogeneous magnetostatic fields favor mirroring domain structures and domain decoration by rings of opposite magnetization. The long range nature of these magnetostatic interactions gives rise to ultra-slow dynamics even in zero applied field, i.e. it affects the long time domain stability. Due to this additionnal interaction field, the magnetization reversal under short magnetic field pulses differs markedly from the well-known slow dynamic behavior. Namely, in high field, the magnetization of the coupled harder layer has been observed to reverse more rapidly by domain wall motion than the softer layer alone.Comment: 42 pages including 17 figures. submitted to JA

Domain wall motion in thin ferromagnetic nanotubes: Analytic results

Dynamics of magnetization domain walls (DWs) in thin ferromagnetic nanotubes subject to weak longitudinal external fields is addressed analytically in the regimes of strong and weak penalization. Exact solutions for the DW profiles and formulas for the DW propagation velocity are derived in both regimes. In particular, the DW speed is shown to depend nonlinearly on the nanotube radius

Domain wall structure in magnetic bilayers with perpendicular anisotropy

We study the magnetic domain wall structure in magnetic bilayers (two ultrathin ferromagnetic layers separated by a non magnetic spacer) with perpendicular magnetization. Combining magnetic force and ballistic electron emission microscopies, we are able to reveal the details of the magnetic structure of the wall with a high spatial accuracy. In these layers, we show that the classical Bloch wall observed in single layers transforms into superposed N\'eel walls due to the magnetic coupling between the ferromagnetic layers. Quantitative agreement with micromagnetic calculations is achieved.Comment: Author adresses AB, SR, JM and AT: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Universit\'e Paris Sud, UMR 8502, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France ML : Laboratoire PMTM, Institut Galil\'ee, CNRS, Universit\'e Paris-13, UPR 9001, 93430 Villetaneuse, Franc

Photovoltaic response around a unique180° ferroelectric domain wall in single crystalline BiFeO3

Using an experimental setup designed to scan a submicron sized light spot and collect the photogenerated current through larger electrodes, we map the photovoltaic response in ferroelectric BiFeO3 single crystals. We study the effect produced by a unique 180° ferroelectric domain wall (DW) and show that the photocurrent maps are significantly affected by its presence and shape. The effect is large in its vicinity and in the Schottky barriers at the interface with the Au electrodes, but no extra photocurrent is observed when the illuminating spot touches the DW, indicating that this particular entity is not the heart of specific photo-electric properties. Using 3D modelling, we argue that the measured effect is due to the spatial distribution of internal fields which are significantly affected by the charge of the DW due to its distortion

Probing the interface magnetism in the FeMn/NiFe exchange bias system using magnetic second harmonic generation

Second harmonic generation magneto-optic Kerr effect (SHMOKE) experiments, sensitive to buried interfaces, were performed on a polycrystalline NiFe/FeMn bilayer in which areas with different exchange bias fields were prepared using 5 KeV He ion irradiation. Both reversible and irreversible uncompensated spins are found in the antiferromagnetic layer close to the interface with the ferromagnetic layer. The SHMOKE hysteresis loop shows the same exchange bias field as obtained from standard magnetometry. We demonstrate that the exchange bias effect is controlled by pinned uncompensated spins in the antiferromagnetic layer.Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

Highly asymmetric magnetic domain wall propagation due to coupling to a periodic pinning potential

Magneto-optical microscopy and magnetometry have been used to study 19 magnetization reversal in an ultrathin magnetically soft [Pt/Co]2 ferromagnetic film 20 coupled to an array of magnetically harder [Co/Pt]4 nanodots via a predominantly 21 dipolar interaction across a 3 nm Pt spacer. This interaction generates a spatially 22 periodic pinning potential for domain walls propagating through the continuous 23 magnetic film. When reversing the applied field with respect to the static nanodot 24 array magnetization orientation, strong asymmetries in the wall velocity and switching 25 fields are observed. Asymmetric switching fields mean that the hysteresis of the film is 26 characterized by a large bias field of dipolar origin which is linked to the wall velocity 27 asymmetry. This latter asymmetry, though large at low fields, vanishes at high fields 28 where the domains become round and compact. A field-polarity-controlled transition 29 from dendritic to compact faceted domain structures is also seen at low field and a 30 model is proposed to interpret the transition