Conjunto de ejercicios para el entrenamiento de la fuerza rápida y la pliometría en los bateadores de béisbol (Original)

The rapid strength training and plyometrics in baseball batters is a fundamental aspect of their competitive development, hence a set of exercice for quick force training and plyometrics for baseball hitters stands out as the goal of this research, as a component of the strength preparation of the baseball player to achive the desired performance, which results in having strong but fast and the explosive muscles, in order to achive the improvement of joint mobility, the coordination of movements, the fluidity and harmony in the technical gesture, thus achieving and excellent physical condition, in addition to other characteristics that identify the predestined player to achieve high sporting results. The population used included 12 batters from the Campechuela first category baseball team, using scientific methods: observation, measurement: standing strength, clin halon whith straight arms, lying down  and half crouching behind, plus plyometrics force exercice;  the survery: group and semi-standardized type and functional systemic structural method. With the application of the set of exercice it was possible to increase the muscle strength indexes with emphasis on the rapid strength and plyometrics in the baseball batters of the first category of  the Campechuela municipality in the province of Granma.El entrenamiento de la fuerza rápida y la pliometría en los bateadores de Béisbol es un aspecto fundamental para su desenvolvimiento competitivo, de ahí que un conjunto de ejercicios para el entrenamiento de la fuerza rápida y la pliometría en los bateadores de Béisbol se destaca como el objetivo de esta investigación, ya que es un componente fundamental de la preparación de fuerza del jugador de Béisbol para lograr el rendimiento deseado, la que se traduce en poseer músculos fuertes, pero rápidos y explosivos, en función de lograr el mejoramiento de la movilidad articular, la coordinación de los movimientos, la fluidez y la armonía en el gesto técnico, consiguiendo con ello conformar un excelente estado físico, además de otras características que identifican al jugador predestinado para alcanzar altos resultados deportivos. La población utilizada contó con la participación de 12 bateadores del equipo de Béisbol primera categoría del municipio Campechuela, se emplearon los métodos científicos: la observación,  medición: fuerza parado, halón de clin con brazos rectos, fuerza acostado y media cuclilla por detrás, además de ejercicios de la fuerza pliométrica; la encuesta: tipo grupal y semi-estandarizada y el método sistémico estructural funcional. Con la aplicación del conjunto de ejercicios se logró incrementar los índices de fuerza muscular con énfasis en la fuerza rápida y pliometría en los bateadores de Béisbol de la primera categoría del municipio Campechuela en la provincia de Granma

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex genetic diversity: mining the fourth international spoligotyping database (SpolDB4) for classification, population genetics and epidemiology

BACKGROUND: The Direct Repeat locus of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) is a member of the CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) sequences family. Spoligotyping is the widely used PCR-based reverse-hybridization blotting technique that assays the genetic diversity of this locus and is useful both for clinical laboratory, molecular epidemiology, evolutionary and population genetics. It is easy, robust, cheap, and produces highly diverse portable numerical results, as the result of the combination of (1) Unique Events Polymorphism (UEP) (2) Insertion-Sequence-mediated genetic recombination. Genetic convergence, although rare, was also previously demonstrated. Three previous international spoligotype databases had partly revealed the global and local geographical structures of MTC bacilli populations, however, there was a need for the release of a new, more representative and extended, international spoligotyping database. RESULTS: The fourth international spoligotyping database, SpolDB4, describes 1939 shared-types (STs) representative of a total of 39,295 strains from 122 countries, which are tentatively classified into 62 clades/lineages using a mixed expert-based and bioinformatical approach. The SpolDB4 update adds 26 new potentially phylogeographically-specific MTC genotype families. It provides a clearer picture of the current MTC genomes diversity as well as on the relationships between the genetic attributes investigated (spoligotypes) and the infra-species classification and evolutionary history of the species. Indeed, an independent Naïve-Bayes mixture-model analysis has validated main of the previous supervised SpolDB3 classification results, confirming the usefulness of both supervised and unsupervised models as an approach to understand MTC population structure. Updated results on the epidemiological status of spoligotypes, as well as genetic prevalence maps on six main lineages are also shown. Our results suggests the existence of fine geographical genetic clines within MTC populations, that could mirror the passed and present Homo sapiens sapiens demographical and mycobacterial co-evolutionary history whose structure could be further reconstructed and modelled, thereby providing a large-scale conceptual framework of the global TB Epidemiologic Network. CONCLUSION: Our results broaden the knowledge of the global phylogeography of the MTC complex. SpolDB4 should be a very useful tool to better define the identity of a given MTC clinical isolate, and to better analyze the links between its current spreading and previous evolutionary history. The building and mining of extended MTC polymorphic genetic databases is in progress

Fourty years after the promise of \uab\ua0ceramic steel?\ua0\ubb: zirconia\u2010based composites with a metal\u2010like mechanical behavior

Zirconia; Transformation Toughenin

On the Potential of Bulk Metallic Glasses for Dental Implantology: Case Study on Ti40Zr10Cu36Pd14

Ti40Zr10Cu36Pd14 Bulk Metallic Glass (BMG) appears very attractive for future biomedical applications thanks to its high glass forming ability, the absence of toxic elements such as Ni, Al or Be and its good mechanical properties. For the first time, a complete and exhaustive characterization of a unique batch of this glassy alloy was performed, together with ISO standard mechanical tests on machined implant-abutment assemblies. The results were compared to the benchmark Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Extra-Low-Interstitial) to assess its potential in dental implantology. The thermal stability, corrosion and sterilization resistance, cytocompatibility and mechanical properties were measured on samples with a simple geometry, but also on implant-abutment assemblies’ prototypes. Results show that the glassy alloy exhibits a quite high thermal stability, with a temperature range of 38 °C between the glass transition and crystallization, a compressive strength of 2 GPa, a certain plastic deformation (0.7%), a hardness of 5.5 GPa and a toughness of 56 MPa.√m. Moreover, the alloy shows a relatively lower Young’s modulus (96 GPa) than the Ti-6Al-4V alloy (110–115 GPa), which is beneficial to limit bone stress shielding. The BMG shows a satisfactory cytocompatibility, a high resistance to sterilization and a good corrosion resistance (corrosion potential of −0.07 V/SCE and corrosion current density of 6.0 nA/cm2), which may ensure its use as a biomaterial. Tests on dental implants reveal a load to failure 1.5-times higher than that of Ti-6Al-4V and a comparable fatigue limit. Moreover, implants could be machined and sandblasted by methods usually conducted for titanium implants, without significant degradation of their amorphous nature. All these properties place this metallic glass among a promising class of materials for mechanically-challenging applications such as dental implants