Degradación de estructuras urbanas generada por crecimiento de plantas y actividad microbiana

The purpose of this study was to isolate microorganisms associated to surface-affected concrete structures and to measure the in vitro dissolution of concrete based on the release of elements such as calcium and silicon. Although many microorganisms were detected only a fungus was capable of significantly decreasing the culture medium pH and releasing both elements. The molecular characterization allowed to identify the microorganism as Aspergillus carbonaurius, a citric-acid producing fungus that dissolved concrete in the in vitro test. After seven days of incubation, the soluble calcium concentration in the uninoculated culture medium containing concrete was 172.3 mg/L, while in the inoculated medium it was 525.0 mg/L. The soluble silicon concentration in the uninoculated medium was 10.3 mg/L, while in the inoculated medium it was 50.1 mg/L. These findings showed that plants and microorganisms rendered a synergistic effect accelerating the biodeterioration of concrete.El objetivo de este estudio fue aislar microorganismos de la superficie de estructuras urbanas de concreto deterioradas y medir su capacidad para disolver in vitro muestras de concreto, basada en la liberación de elementos como el calcio y el silicio. De todos los microorganismos aislados sólo un hongo fue capaz de disminuir el pH y disolver el concreto. Este hongo fue identificado a nivel molecular como Aspergillus carbonaurius, un productor de ácido cítrico. Después de siete días de incubación, se encontró que la concentración de calcio soluble en el medio de cultivo no inoculado fue 172,3 mg/L, mientras que en el medio inoculado era de 525,0 mg/L. La concentración de silicio soluble en el medio no inoculado fue de 10,3 mg/L, mientras que en el medio inoculado fue de 50,1 mg/L. Estos hallazgos mostraron que las plantas y los microorganismos producen un efecto sinérgico que acelera el biodeterioro del concreto

Aprovechamiento de residuos industriales para la síntesis de clínker belítico

The synthesis of belite clinker was studied using industrial wastes: paper sludge, cement kiln dust and rice husk ashes, as substitutes for natural raw materials. Wastes were characterized by XRF, XRD and TG analysis. Different formulations were prepared to produce clinker at 1300, 1350 and 1400 °C. The clinker obtained was characterized using optical microscopy, XRD and f-CaO content determined by ethylene glycol method. Finally, the hydration of prepared cements with the clinkers was evaluated by isothermal microcalo­rimetry. It was found that by mixing paper sludge, cement kiln dust and rice husk ashes, it is possible to obtain belite clinker with f-CaO content below 0.5%, in clinkering temperatures between 1350 °C and 1400 °C without the use of natural raw materials. It was found that these cements have a high hydration kinetic, far above the rate of Ordinary Portland Cement, due mainly by the amorphous phase content in clinkers obtained.En el presente trabajo se estudió la síntesis de clínker belítico usando residuos industriales: lodo papelero, polvo de horno de cemento y ceniza de cascarilla de arroz, como sustitutos de las materias primas naturales. Los residuos se caracterizaron mediante FRX, DRX y TGA. Se prepararon formulaciones para producir clínker a 1300, 1350 y 1400 °C. El clínker se caracterizó usando microscopía óptica, DRX y f-CaO. Finalmente, se evaluó la hidratación de cementos preparados a partir de los clínkeres obtenidos. Se encontró que, con lodo papelero, polvo de horno de cemento y ceniza de cascarilla de arroz, es posible obtener clínker belítico con contenidos de f-CaO ≤ 0,5%, a temperaturas entre 1350 y 1400 °C sin el uso de materias primas de origen natural. Se encontró una alta cinética de hidratación, muy por encima de la velocidad de hidratación de un cemento Portland convencional, principal­mente debido al contenido de fase amorfa en los clínkeres obtenidos

Evaluación de cementos obtenidos por activación alcalina de ceniza de carbón con NaOH curados a bajas temperaturas

The temperature at which the alkaline activation process takes place is a significant factor in the evolution of the mechanical properties of coal ash cementitious base material. In this work, the influence of temperature (8 a 38 °C) and curing time (3 and 28 days) on the mechanical properties of the alkaline synthesis of two coal ashes was evaluated through the study of the mineralogical evolution of the cementitious phases by XRD and FTIR. We found that the type of zeolite, a synthesis product, depends on the study factors. For values above 28 °C and at least 7 days, alkalinely activated cements with compressive strength above 20 MPa were achieved. Other parameters, such as SiO2/Al2O3 ratio, percentage of unburned coal and particle-size distribution, should be taken into account in the variation of mechanical performance.La temperatura a la cual se desarrolla el proceso de activación alcalina es un factor significativo en la evolución de las propiedades mecánicas de material cementante base ceniza de carbón. En este trabajo se evaluó, a través del estudio de la evolución mineralógica de las fases cementantes por DRX y FTIR, la influencia de la temperatura (8 a 38 °C) y tiempo (3 y 28 días) de curado sobre las propiedades mecánicas de la síntesis alcalina de dos cenizas de carbón. Se encontró que el tipo de zeolita, producto de la síntesis, depende de los factores de estudio. Para valores superiores a 28 °C y mínimo 7 días, se lograron cementos activados alcalinamente con resistencias superiores a 20 MPa. Otros parámetros, como la relación SiO2/Al2O3, el porcentaje de carbón inquemado y la distribución del tamaño de partícula, se deben de tener en cuenta en la variación del desempeño mecánico

Effect of polymorphisms in the Slc11a1 coding region on resistance to brucellosis by macrophages in vitro and after challenge in two Bos breeds (Blanco Orejinegro and Zebu)

The resistance/susceptibility of selected cattle breeds to brucellosis was evaluated in an F1 population generated by crossing animals classified as resistant (R) and susceptible (S) (R x R, R x S, S x R, S x S) based on challenges in vitro and in vivo. The association between single nucleotide polymorphisms identified in the coding region of the Slc11a1 gene and resistance/susceptibility was estimated. The trait resistance or susceptibility to brucellosis, evaluated by a challenge in vitro, showed a high heritable component in terms of additive genetic variance (h2 = 0.54 ± 0.11). In addition, there was a significant association (p < 0.05) between the control of bacterial survival and two polymorphisms (a 3'UTR and SNP4 located in exon 10). The antibody response of animals classified as resistant to infection by Brucella abortus differed significantly (p < 0.05) from that of susceptible animals. However, there was no significant association between single nucleotide polymorphisms located in the Slc11a1 gene and the antibody response stimulated by a challenge in vivo

Influence of fly ash blending on hydration and physical behavior of Belite-Alite-Ye'elimite cements

A cement powder, composed of belite, alite and ye’elimite, was blended with 0, 15 and 30 wt% of fly ash and the resulting lended cements were further characterized. During hydration, the presence of fly ash caused the partial inhibition of both AFt degradation and belite reactivity, even after 180 days. The compressive strength of the corresponding mortars increased by increasing the fly ash content (68, 73 and 82 MPa for mortars with 0, 15 and 30 wt% of fly ash, respectively, at 180 curing days), mainly due to the diminishing porosity and pore size values. Although pozzolanic reaction has not been directly proved there are indirect evidences.This work is part of the Ph.D. of D. Londono-Zuluaga funded by Beca Colciencias 646—Doctorado en el exterior and Enlaza Mundos 2013 program grant. Cement and Building materials group (CEMATCO) from National University of Colombia is acknowledged for providing the calorimetric measurements. Funding from Spanish MINECO BIA2017-82391-R and I3 (IEDI-2016-0079) grants, co-funded by FEDER, are acknowledged

A three-dimensional human atrial model with fiber orientation. Electrograms and arrhythmic activation patterns relationship

The most common sustained cardiac arrhythmias in humans are atrial tachyarrhythmias, mainly atrial fibrillation. Areas of complex fractionated atrial electrograms and high dominant frequency have been proposed as critical regions for maintaining atrial fibrillation; however, there is a paucity of data on the relationship between the characteristics of electrograms and the propagation pattern underlying them. In this study, a realistic 3D computer model of the human atria has been developed to investigate this relationship. The model includes a realistic geometry with fiber orientation, anisotropic conductivity and electrophysiological heterogeneity. We simulated different tachyarrhythmic episodes applying both transient and continuous ectopic activity. Electrograms and their dominant frequency and organization index values were calculated over the entire atrial surface. Our simulations show electrograms with simple potentials, with little or no cycle length variations, narrow frequency peaks and high organization index values during stable and regular activity as the observed in atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia (except in areas of conduction block) and in areas closer to ectopic activity during focal atrial fibrillation. By contrast, cycle length variations and polymorphic electrograms with single, double and fragmented potentials were observed in areas of irregular and unstable activity during atrial fibrillation episodes. Our results also show: 1) electrograms with potentials without negative deflection related to spiral or curved wavefronts that pass over the recording point and move away, 2) potentials with a much greater proportion of positive deflection than negative in areas of wave collisions, 3) double potentials related with wave fragmentations or blocking lines and 4) fragmented electrograms associated with pivot points. Our model is the first human atrial model with realistic fiber orientation used to investigate the relationship between different atrial arrhythmic propagation patterns and the electrograms observed at more than 43000 points on the atrial surface.This work was partially supported by the Plan Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica, Desarrollo e Innovacion Tecnologica, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion of Spain (TEC2008-02090), by the Plan Avanza (Accion Estrategica de Telecomunicaciones y Sociedad de la Informacion), Ministerio de Industria Turismo y Comercio of Spain (TSI-020100-2010-469), by the Programa Prometeo 2012 of the Generalitat Valenciana and by the Programa de Apoyo a la Investigacion y Desarrollo de la Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (PAID-06-11-2002). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Tobón Zuluaga, C.; Ruiz Villa, CA.; Heidenreich, E.; Romero Pérez, L.; Hornero, F.; Saiz Rodríguez, FJ. (2013). A three-dimensional human atrial model with fiber orientation. Electrograms and arrhythmic activation patterns relationship. PLoS ONE. 8(2):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050883S11382Ho SY, Sanchez-Quintana D, Anderson RH (1998) Can anatomy define electric pathways? In: International Workshop on Computer Simulation and Experimental Assessment of Electrical Cardiac Function, Lausanne, Switzerland. 77–86.Tobón C (2009) Evaluación de factores que provocan fibrilación auricular y de su tratamiento mediante técnicas quirúrgicas. Estudio de simulación. Master Thesis Universitat Politècnica de València.Ruiz C (2010) Estudio de la vulnerabilidad a reentradas a través de modelos matemáticos y simulación de la aurícula humana. Doctoral Thesis Universitat Politècnica de València.Tobón C (2010) Modelización y evaluación de factores que favorecen las arritmias auriculares y su tratamiento mediante técnicas quirúrgicas. Estudio de simulación. Doctoral Thesis Universitat Politècnica de València.Henriquez, C. S., & Papazoglou, A. A. (1996). Using computer models to understand the roles of tissue structure and membrane dynamics in arrhythmogenesis. Proceedings of the IEEE, 84(3), 334-354. doi:10.1109/5.486738Grimm, R. A., Chandra, S., Klein, A. L., Stewart, W. J., Black, I. W., Kidwell, G. A., & Thomas, J. D. (1996). Characterization of left atrial appendage Doppler flow in atrial fibrillation and flutter by Fourier analysis. American Heart Journal, 132(2), 286-296. doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(96)90424-xMaleckar, M. M., Greenstein, J. L., Giles, W. R., & Trayanova, N. A. (2009). K+ current changes account for the rate dependence of the action potential in the human atrial myocyte. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 297(4), H1398-H1410. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00411.200