Bilateral comparison in Rockwell C hardness scale between INRiM and GUM

This bilateral comparison in HRC is conducted in order to confirm the accuracy claimed by National Institute of Metrological Research in Italy (INRiM) and Central Office of Measures in Poland (GUM). Also, this study compares the difference of measurement results between two modernized deadweight-type Rockwell's hardness standard machines (HSMs) from GUM and primary hardness standard machine (PHSM) from INRiM. The hardness blocks of about 20 HRC, 35 HRC, 45 HRC, 50 HRC, 60 HRC and 65 HRC, which all have uniformity less then ±0.4 HRC according to EN ISO 6508-3, were used in this comparison

Developing definitions of conventional hardness tests for use by National Metrology Institutes

This paper describes the process used by the Consultative Committee for Mass and Related Quantities - Working Group on Hardness (CCM-WGH) of the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) to develop international definitions of the conventional Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers and Knoop hardness test methods, for use by the National Metrology Institutes (NMI) that standardize hardness measurement

Validation report which details the advanced models developed to describe a) static and continuous and b) dynamic force transfer standards taking into account sensitivity stability, temperature and other parasitic influences on the measurement uncertainty (target uncertainty is 1 % up to 100 Hz and 2 % between 100 - 1000 Hz)

Current document reports on the development and validation of advanced practical models for describing force measuring devices used for the measurement of static, continuous forces in part A as well as dynamic forces in part B of the report. In the force measurement applications, the sensitivity curve of the force measuring devices determined in the calibration gives the traceability to national standards. The measurement uncertainty in an application is mainly affected by the sensitivity stability, the influence of temperature and other parasitic components. To capture these effects an advanced model for static and continuous forces was developed in part A which describes these influences especially in respect of their contribution to the measurement uncertainty. In contrast to the static calibration procedure, the dynamic calibration of the sensor has been always challenging because of several reasons such as the sophisticated nature of dynamic measurement, insufficient structural equipment, and parasitic effects which yield higher measurement uncertainty in comparison to static measurements and therefore inappropriate characterization of the force transducers. To close this knowledge gap in the dynamic calibration, the advanced model for dynamic forces was developed in part B. To consider the dynamic properties of force measuring devices the frequency dependency of the sensitivity and the influence of parasitic influences from temperature of the force measuring devices was considered and described. The target uncertainty is 1 % for up to 100 Hz and the target uncertainty is 2 % for higher frequency range from 100 Hz up to 1000 Hz

Understanding How Social Entrepreneurs Fit into the Tourism Discourse

This chapter discusses how social entrepreneurs fit into the existing tourism discourse. It examines four areas of literature in particular, tourism entrepreneurs, sustainability, destination development and intrapreneurship, and analyzes how introducing the concept of social entrepreneurs into these discussions is useful, and contributes to our understanding. Furthermore the paper illustrates that as social entrepreneurs are relevant to a broad range of issues in the tourism literature this should prevent the development of research silos where social entrepreneurship scholars seek out their own vein of research. The nexus of common ground and interests, as displayed in this chapter, should enhance the development of research, thought and understanding of social entrepreneurs within the field as a whole The key argument is that research on social entrepreneurs is not just relevant for those interested in entrepreneurs it also effects our thinking on issues such as destination development, relationships between stakeholders, tourism policy and sustainability. The chapter concludes with a wide range of questions for further research

Indentation Hardness Measurements at Macro-, Micro-, and Nanoscale: A Critical Overview

The Brinell, Vickers, Meyer, Rockwell, Shore, IHRD, Knoop, Buchholz, and nanoindentation methods used to measure the indentation hardness of materials at different scales are compared, and main issues and misconceptions in the understanding of these methods are comprehensively reviewed and discussed. Basic equations and parameters employed to calculate hardness are clearly explained, and the different international standards for each method are summarized. The limits for each scale are explored, and the different forms to calculate hardness in each method are compared and established. The influence of elasticity and plasticity of the material in each measurement method is reviewed, and the impact of the surface deformation around the indenter on hardness values is examined. The difficulties for practical conversions of hardness values measured by different methods are explained. Finally, main issues in the hardness interpretation at different scales are carefully discussed, like the influence of grain size in polycrystalline materials, indentation size effects at micro-and nanoscale, and the effect of the substrate when calculating thin films hardness. The paper improves the understanding of what hardness means and what hardness measurements imply at different scales.Funding Agencies|Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University ((Faculty Grant SFO Mat LiU) [2009 00971]</p

Regional comparison of absolute gravimeters, EURAMET.M.G-K2 key comparison

In the framework of the regional EURAMET.M.G-K2 comparison of absolute gravimeters, 17 gravimeters were compared in November 2015. Four gravimeters were from different NMIs and DIs, they were used to link the regional comparison to the CCM.G.K2 by means of linking converter. Combined least-squares adjustments with weighted constraint was used to determine KCRV. Several pilot solutions are presented and compared with the official solution to demonstrate influences of different approaches (e.g. definition of weights and the constraint) on results of the adjustment. In case of the official solution, all the gravimeters are in equivalence with declared uncertainties. == Main text To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report [http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/final_reports/M/G-K2/EURAMET.M.G-K2.pdf] . Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/ [http://kcdb.bipm.org/] . The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA)

Co-creating, co-producing and connecting: Museum practice today.

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Barnes, P., & McPherson, G. (2019). Co‐Creating, Co‐producing and Connecting: Museum Practice Today. Curator: The Museum Journal, 62(2), 257-267., which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/cura.12309. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-ArchivingWe argue in this paper that museums have become hybrid spaces, where consumers look and challenge what they see; they form part of what they see; with some aspects of exhibitions now co‐created and co‐produced by the consumer (Kershaw et al. 2018; Solis 2012). This paper draws on an example from a group that we worked with using performance as a tool to engage a ‘hard to reach’ or ‘socially excluded’ groups. We conclude that by allowing audiences to co‐create and co‐produce exhibitions and performance; this can turn the museum rhetoric of community engagement into practice and create a space that is truly inclusive for the communities it serves. We demonstrate how the possibility of seeing museums as hybrid spaces, which can adapt, can be used for education and entertainment, and how that has in turn led to the transformation of people's lives in a previously socially excluded community