Program representation size in an intermediate language with intersection and union types

The CIL compiler for core Standard ML compiles whole programs using a novel typed intermediate language (TIL) with intersection and union types and flow labels on both terms and types. The CIL term representation duplicates portions of the program where intersection types are introduced and union types are eliminated. This duplication makes it easier to represent type information and to introduce customized data representations. However, duplication incurs compile-time space costs that are potentially much greater than are incurred in TILs employing type-level abstraction or quantification. In this paper, we present empirical data on the compile-time space costs of using CIL as an intermediate language. The data shows that these costs can be made tractable by using sufficiently fine-grained flow analyses together with standard hash-consing techniques. The data also suggests that non-duplicating formulations of intersection (and union) types would not achieve significantly better space complexity.National Science Foundation (CCR-9417382, CISE/CCR ESS 9806747); Sun grant (EDUD-7826-990410-US); Faculty Fellowship of the Carroll School of Management, Boston College; U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (GR/L 36963, GR/L 15685

Won't you come over and play croquet

Gift of Dr. Mary Jane Esplen.Writer of would you like to change my name, you auto go automobiling, it's nice to cut ice in the summer and etc. [note]Piano vocal [instrumentation]Little Bessie Brown lived on a country town [first line][first line of chorus]G [key]Moderato [tempo]Popular song [form/genre]Boy sitting on roof and girl holding fence [illustration]Publisher's advertisement on inside front and back cover [note

Two-mode beat phase noise of actively modelocked lasers

An analytic expression for the phase noise spectrum is estimated when two arbitrary longitudinal modes are selected for beating from the output of an actively modelocked laser. A separate experiment confirmed the theory qualitatively. It was found that two- mode beating posseses more phase noise than the beating involving the entire mode spectrum, especially at low offset frequency, even though two mode beating noise is decoupled from the RF oscillator noise to the first order

THREE DIETARY PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE PRODUCTION OF SQUAB BROILERS

THREE DIETARY PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE PRODUCTION OF SQUAB BROILER

Beyond Dilution: Toward a Coherent Theory of the Anti Free Rider Impulse in American Trademark Law

This article argues for a fundamental shift in the way famous trademarks are protected under American trademark law. Currently, famous marks are protected by dilution law, which purports to prevent a particular kind of harm (i.e., the gradual whittling away of the commercial magnetism of a famous mark). The article argues that this is the wrong focus of famous mark protection, because dilution is an illusory concept; it either does not exist, or it is so difficult to prove, that it is an ineffective and misleading doctrinal tool. The article contends that American trademark law should move from the harm-based theory of dilution law to a free rider principle that looks at just deserts -- that is, at who should be benefitting from the investment and labor that go into making a mark famous. Under this principle, famous mark owners would be able to protect their marks against unjustified free riding without having to prove that those marks were losing commercial magnestism or selling power due to the defendant\u27s activities. The article shows, moreover, that the anti free rider principle is more helpful than existing dilution rhetoric in explaining the outcomes of many reported dilution cases. Finally, the article examines the possible countervailing interests of persons who may wish to use trademarks that are similar or identical to famous marks. The article shows that the anti free rider approach advanced here would be more effective than current dilution law at locating proper boundaries on famous mark protection

Association of acculturation with cardiac structure and function among Hispanics/Latinos: a cross-sectional analysis of the echocardiographic study of Latinos.

OBJECTIVE:Hispanics/Latinos, the largest immigrant population in the USA, undergo the process of acculturation and have a large burden of heart failure risk. Few studies have examined the association of acculturation on cardiac structure and function. DESIGN:Cross-sectional. SETTING:The Echocardiographic Study of Latinos. PARTICIPANTS:1818 Hispanic adult participants with baseline echocardiographic assessment and acculturation measured by the Short Acculturation Scale, nativity, age at immigration, length of US residence, generational status and language. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES:Echocardiographic assessment of left atrial volume index (LAVI), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), early diastolic transmitral inflow and mitral annular velocities. RESULTS:The study population was predominantly Spanish-speaking and foreign-born with mean residence in the US of 22.7 years, mean age of 56.4 years; 50% had hypertension, 28% had diabetes and 44% had a body mass index &gt;30 kg/m2. Multivariable analyses demonstrated higher LAVI with increasing years of US residence. Foreign-born and first-generation participants had higher E/e' but lower LAVI and e' velocities compared with the second generation. Higher acculturation and income &gt;20K were associated with higher LVMI, LAVI and E/e' but lower e' velocities. Preferential Spanish-speakers with an income <20K had a higher E/e'. CONCLUSIONS:Acculturation was associated with abnormal cardiac structure and function, with some effect modification by socioeconomic status