Algorithms for Designing Nonblockings Communication Networks with General Topologies

A framework is given for specifying nonblocking traffic requirements in a connection-oriented communications network. In this framework, connections may be form one point to one other point, or they may involve multiple points. Different connections may have different data rates. The communication networks are constructed from switches (or nodes) and trunks, which connect pairs of switches. This framework is intended to model Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks and traffic. Several computational problems are formulated, each intended to find a minimum cost configuration of switches and trunks which satisfy given traffic requirements. Efficient algorithms have been found for some problems, and computational hardness results for others

Instructions on Taxes in Personal Injury Suits

The Internal Revenue Code enacted in 1954 has continued the 1939 Code provision of law that damages received, whether by suit or agreement, for personal injuries or sickness, are exempt from the Federal income taxation, by providing that such awards are specific exclusions from gross income. In light of this, many defense attorneys engaged in suits of such nature are asking the courts to instruct the jury of such provision, or in their closing arguments mentioning the same. The introduction of the provision in closing arguments has been the cause of many appeals and subsequent reversals due to prejudicial error

Instructions on Taxes in Personal Injury Suits

The Internal Revenue Code enacted in 1954 has continued the 1939 Code provision of law that damages received, whether by suit or agreement, for personal injuries or sickness, are exempt from the Federal income taxation, by providing that such awards are specific exclusions from gross income. In light of this, many defense attorneys engaged in suits of such nature are asking the courts to instruct the jury of such provision, or in their closing arguments mentioning the same. The introduction of the provision in closing arguments has been the cause of many appeals and subsequent reversals due to prejudicial error

Puerto Rico - Tax Haven or Tax Trap

This article does not encompass the entire subject of foreign taxation but is limited to two specific questions involved therein: 1. Where does a sale take place for purposes of Federal Taxation? 2. If it is determined that the sale takes place partly within and partly without the U. S., how much of the income from such sales is taxable to the U. S.

A Graph Browser with Zoom and Roam for Allegro Common Lisp

This report describes an object-oriented tool that has been developed for viewing graphs on a Macintosh II computer using Allegro Common Lisp. The tool is useful for visualizing data which can be represented in tree or graph form. The graphs can be viewed for far away to get a global view, and from close up so that the labels on the vertices can be discerned. Scrolling can be performed at a nearly infinite number of resolutions, and a search feature makes it easy to find any node rapidly. Although the \u27information space\u27 on which the graph is logically plotted is 2-dimensional, nodes can be arbitrarily large or small, and this combined with the zooming feature gives somewhat the illusion of 3-dimensions. The tool is implemented using an object-oriented paradigm, in which the window containing the graph rendering is an object, and so are each of the vertices in the graph. Operations on vertices of the graph are implemented as messages to objects, so that specifics objects can choose to respond in individual ways to various events. This approach makes the tool useful for a wide range of tasks, including browsing the object system inheritance lattice of the lisp system itself, displaying dependency nets in a belief maintenance system, and browsing a hypertext network

Designing Minimum Cost Nonblocking Communication Networks

This paper addresses the problem of topological design of ATM (and similar) communication networks. We formulate the problem from a worst-case point of view, seeking network desings that, subject to specified traffic constraints, are nonblocking for point-to-point and multicast virtual circuits. Within this model we give various conditions under which star networks are optimal or near-optimal. These conditions are approximately satisfied in many common situations making the results of practical significance. An important consequence of these results is that, where they apply, there is no added cost for nonblocking multicast communication, relative to networks that are nonblocking for point-to-point traffic only

BEMAS: User\u27s Manual, 2nd Edition

This paper is a user\u27s manual for BEMAS, a BE lief MA intenance System. BEMAS is a menu driven system which provides an easy to use interface between a user and a knowledge base. Given a set of data, and a set of rules, BEMAS will help the user to identify an object by analyzing the properties of that object. Data can be added and deleted at any time, either directly or by deleting beliefs on which the data is dependent. BEMAS maintains the relations and dependencies between data using a dynamic dependency net. BEMAS also has the capability to make inferences using incomplete information while still maintaining knowledge base integrity

The Aesthetic Self. The Importance of Aesthetic Taste in Music and Art for Our Perceived Identity

To what extent do aesthetic taste and our interest in the arts constitute who we are? In this paper, we present a series of empirical findings that suggest an Aesthetic Self Effect supporting the claim that our aesthetic engagements are a central component of our identity. Counterfactual changes in aesthetic preferences, for example, moving from liking classical music to liking pop, are perceived as altering us as a person. The Aesthetic Self Effect is as strong as the impact of moral changes, such as altering political partisanship or religious orientation, and significantly stronger than for other categories of taste, such as food preferences (Study 1). Using a multidimensional scaling technique to map perceived aesthetic similarities among musical genres, we determined that aesthetic distances between genres correlate highly with the perceived difference in identity (Study 2). Further studies generalize the Aesthetic Self Effect beyond the musical domain: general changes in visual art preferences, for example from more traditional to abstract art, also elicited a strong Self Effect (Study 3). Exploring the breadth of this effect we also found an Anaesthetic Self Effect. That is, hypothetical changes from aesthetic indifference to caring about music, art, or beauty are judged to have a significant impact on identity. This effect on identity is stronger for aesthetic fields compared to leisure activities, such as hiking or playing video games (Study 4). Across our studies, the Anaesthetic Self Effect turns out to be stronger than the Aesthetic Self Effect. Taken together, we found evidence for a link between aesthetics and identity: we are aesthetic selves. When our tastes in music and the arts or our aesthetic interests change we take these to be transformative changes.Peer Reviewe