Shape of the ocean surface and implications for the Earth's interior: GEOS-3 results

A new set of 1 deg x 1 deg mean free air anomalies was used to construct a gravimetric geoid by Stokes' formula for the Indian Ocean. Utilizing such 1 deg x 1 deg geoid comparisons were made with GEOS-3 radar altimeter estimates of geoid height. Most commonly there were constant offsets and long wavelength discrepancies between the two data sets; there were many probable causes including radial orbit error, scale errors in the geoid, or bias errors in altitude determination. Across the Aleutian Trench the 1 deg x 1 deg gravimetric geoids did not measure the entire depth of the geoid anomaly due to averaging over 1 deg squares and subsequent aliasing of the data. After adjustment of GEOS-3 data to eliminate long wavelength discrepancies, agreement between the altimeter geoid and gravimetric geoid was between 1.7 and 2.7 meters in rms errors. For purposes of geological interpretation, techniques were developed to directly compute the geoid anomaly over models of density within the Earth. In observing the results from satellite altimetry it was possible to identify geoid anomalies over different geologic features in the ocean. Examples and significant results are reported

Enzymes in Ontogenesis (orthoptera): I. Tyrosinase

Variations in concentration of tyrosinase throughout the entire embryonic development of the grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis, have been determined by measuring the oxygen uptake of the tyrosinase-tyrosine reaction with the Barcroft-Warburg apparatus. Tyrosinase activity of eggs at different developmental stages has thus been expressed as the amount of O2 consumed per 100 minute interval at 25 ° C. in the oxidation of a given amount of tyrosine by the enzyme extracted (in phosphate buffer pH 8.0) from 20 eggs

Effect of Nitrophenols on the Respiratory Metabolism of Orthopteran Embryos

When 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) or 3, 5-dinitro-o-cresol (DNC) in suitable concentrations are added to isolated embryos of the grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis, an immediate increase in the oxygen uptake of the embryos is noted. Respiration of either blocked or developing embryos in the presence of the nitrophenol varies between 200 and 300 per cent of the normal and may continue at a uniform rate for several hours

Abstract: A spectrophotometric study of a developing egg (Orthoptera) with especial reference to riboflavin and its derivatives

Spectrophotometric studies of the developing egg of the grasshopper (Melanoplus differentialis) show, (a) the presence of riboflavin in the newly-laid egg; (b) no changes in the riboflavin of the developing egg occur until late in prediapause (15th to 19th day of development at 25°C.); (c) differences in the transmittance of the acid (pH 4.5) and alkaline (pH 10) diffusible fractions indicate changes in the original riboflavin content of the eggs; (d) during the diapause or resting developmental period no further changes in the riboflavin are noted; ( e) in active postdiapause development changes in the riboflavin increase up to the time of hatching; (f) these changes in riboflavin are thought to be due to the formation of other fluorescing compounds, probably pterines; (g) the fluorescent fraction of the riboflavin is thought to act as a prosthetic , group for the pterines thus formed

The Effect of Ultracentrifuging on the Respiration Activity of Developing and Blocked Embryonic Cells

The Effect of Ultracentrifuging on the respiration Activity of Developing and Blocked Embryonic Cell

The effect of phase-correlated returns and spatial smoothing on the accuracy of radar refractivity retrievals

Radar refractivity retrievals have the potential to accurately capture near-surface humidity fields from the phase change of ground clutter returns. In practice, phase changes are very noisy and the required smoothing will diminish large radial phase change gradients, leading to severe underestimates of large refractivity changes (ΔN). To mitigate this, the mean refractivity change over the field (ΔNfield) must be subtracted prior to smoothing. However, both observations and simulations indicate that highly correlated returns (e.g., when single targets straddle neighboring gates) result in underestimates of ΔNfield when pulse-pair processing is used. This may contribute to reported differences of up to 30 N units between surface observations and retrievals. This effect can be avoided if ΔNfield is estimated using a linear least squares fit to azimuthally averaged phase changes. Nevertheless, subsequent smoothing of the phase changes will still tend to diminish the all-important spatial perturbations in retrieved refractivity relative to ΔNfield; an iterative estimation approach may be required. The uncertainty in the target location within the range gate leads to additional phase noise proportional to ΔN, pulse length, and radar frequency. The use of short pulse lengths is recommended, not only to reduce this noise but to increase both the maximum detectable refractivity change and the number of suitable targets. Retrievals of refractivity fields must allow for large ΔN relative to an earlier reference field. This should be achievable for short pulses at S band, but phase noise due to target motion may prevent this at C band, while at X band even the retrieval of ΔN over shorter periods may at times be impossible

Design, analysis, and fabrication of a pressure box test fixture for tension damage tolerance testing of curved fuselage panels

A pressure box test fixture was designed and fabricated to evaluate the effects of internal pressure, biaxial tension loads, curvature, and damage on the fracture response of composite fuselage structure. Previous work in composite fuselage tension damage tolerance, performed during NASA contract NAS1-17740, evaluated the above effects on unstiffened panels only. This work extends the tension damage tolerance testing to curved stiffened fuselage crown structure that contains longitudinal stringers and circumferential frame elements. The pressure box fixture was designed to apply internal pressure up to 20 psi, and axial tension loads up to 5000 lb/in, either separately or simultaneously. A NASTRAN finite element model of the pressure box fixture and composite stiffened panel was used to help design the test fixture, and was compared to a finite element model of a full composite stiffened fuselage shell. This was done to ensure that the test panel was loaded in a similar way to a panel in the full fuselage shell, and that the fixture and its attachment plates did not adversely affect the panel

Recursion relations and branching rules for simple Lie algebras

The branching rules between simple Lie algebras and its regular (maximal) simple subalgebras are studied. Two types of recursion relations for anomalous relative multiplicities are obtained. One of them is proved to be the factorized version of the other. The factorization property is based on the existence of the set of weights $\Gamma$ specific for each injection. The structure of $\Gamma$ is easily deduced from the correspondence between the root systems of algebra and subalgebra. The recursion relations thus obtained give rise to simple and effective algorithm for branching rules. The details are exposed by performing the explicit decomposition procedure for $A_{3} \oplus u(1) \to B_{4}$ injection.Comment: 15p.,LaTe

Respiratory Mechanism of Blocked and Normal Embryonic Cells (Orthoptera)

Two types of response to the action of carbon monoxide and cyanide are noted in the respiration of the embryo of the grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis