1,838 research outputs found
Nonparametric tests of conditional treatment effects
We develop a general class of nonparametric tests for treatment effects conditional on covariates. We consider a wide spectrum of null and alternative hypotheses regarding conditional treatment effects, including (i) the null hypothesis of the conditional stochastic dominance between treatment and control groups; ii) the null hypothesis that the conditional average treatment effect is positive for each value of covariates; and (iii) the null hypothesis of no distributional (or average) treatment effect conditional on covariates against a one-sided (or two-sided) alternative hypothesis. The test statistics are based on L1-type functionals of uniformly consistent nonparametric kernel estimators of conditional expectations that characterize the null hypotheses. Using the Poissionization technique of Giné et al. (2003), we show that suitably studentized versions of our test statistics are asymptotically standard normal under the null hypotheses and also show that the proposed nonparametric tests are consistent against general fixed alternatives. Furthermore, it turns out that our tests have non-negligible powers against some local alternatives that are n−½ different from the null hypotheses, where n is the sample size. We provide a more powerful test for the case when the null hypothesis may be binding only on a strict subset of the support and also consider an extension to testing for quantile treatment effects. We illustrate the usefulness of our tests by applying them to data from a randomized, job training program (LaLonde, 1986) and by carrying out Monte Carlo experiments based on this dataset
Performance comparison of point and spatial access methods
In the past few years a large number of multidimensional point access methods, also called
multiattribute index structures, has been suggested, all of them claiming good performance. Since no
performance comparison of these structures under arbitrary (strongly correlated nonuniform, short
"ugly") data distributions and under various types of queries has been performed, database
researchers and designers were hesitant to use any of these new point access methods. As shown in
a recent paper, such point access methods are not only important in traditional database applications.
In new applications such as CAD/CIM and geographic or environmental information systems, access
methods for spatial objects are needed. As recently shown such access methods are based on point
access methods in terms of functionality and performance. Our performance comparison naturally
consists of two parts. In part I we w i l l compare multidimensional point access methods, whereas in
part I I spatial access methods for rectangles will be compared. In part I we present a survey and
classification of existing point access methods. Then we carefully select the following four methods
for implementation and performance comparison under seven different data files (distributions) and
various types of queries: the 2-level grid file, the BANG file, the hB-tree and a new scheme, called
the BUDDY hash tree. We were surprised to see one method to be the clear winner which was the
BUDDY hash tree. It exhibits an at least 20 % better average performance than its competitors and is
robust under ugly data and queries. In part I I we compare spatial access methods for rectangles.
After presenting a survey and classification of existing spatial access methods we carefully selected
the following four methods for implementation and performance comparison under six different data
files (distributions) and various types of queries: the R-tree, the BANG file, PLOP hashing and the
BUDDY hash tree. The result presented two winners: the BANG file and the BUDDY hash tree.
This comparison is a first step towards a standardized testbed or benchmark. We offer our data and
query files to each designer of a new point or spatial access method such that he can run his
implementation in our testbed
Androgen Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms Involved in Prostate Cancer Therapy Resistance
Despite the initial efficacy of androgen deprivation in prostate cancer, virtually all patients progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is critically required for CRPC. A new generation of medications targeting AR, such as abiraterone and enzalutamide, has improved survival of metastatic CRPC (mCRPC) patients. However, a significant proportion of patients presents with primary resistance to these agents, and in the remainder, secondary resistance will invariably develop, which makes mCRPC the lethal form of the disease. Mechanisms underlying progression to mCRPC and treatment resistance are extremely complex. AR-dependent resistance mechanisms include AR amplification, AR point mutations, expression of constitutively active AR splice variants, and altered intratumoral androgen biosynthesis. AR-independent resistance mechanisms include glucocorticoid receptor activation, immune-mediated resistance, and neuroendocrine differentiation. The development of novel agents, such as seviteronel, apalutamide, and EPI-001/EPI-506, as well as the identification and validation of novel predictive biomarkers of resistance, may lead to improved therapeutics for mCRPC patients
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Testing for Time Stochastic Dominance
We propose nonparametric tests for the null hypothesis of time stochastic dominance. Time stochastic dominance makes a partial order of different prospects over time based on the net present value criteria for general utility and time discount function classes. For example, time stochastic dominance can be used for ranking investment strategies or environmental policies based on the expected net present value of the future benefits. We consider an Lp integrated test statistic and derive its large sample distribution. We suggest a path-wise bootstrap procedures that allows for time dependence in a panel data structure. In addition to the least favorable case based bootstrap method, we describe two approaches, the contact-set approach and the numerical delta method, for the purpose of enhancing a power of the test. We prove the asymptotic validity of our testing procedures. We investigate the finite sample performance of the tests in simulation studies. As an illustration, we apply the proposed tests to evaluate the welfare improvement of the Thailand’s Million Baht Village Fund Program
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Consistent Testing for an Implication of Supermodular Dominance
Supermodularity, or complementarity, is a popular concept in economics which can characterize many objective functions, including utility, social welfare, and production functions. Further, supermodular dominance captures a preference for greater interdependence among inputs of those functions, and it can be applied to examine which input set would produce higher expected utility, social welfare, or production. However, contrary to the profuse literature on supermodularity, to the best of our knowledge, there is no existing work on either testing or empirical analysis for supermodular dominance. In this paper, we propose a consistent test for a useful implication of supermodular dominance and suggest a correlation dominance testing for Gaussian random variables as a special case. The test is based on a novel bootstrap critical value, which has potentially enhanced power performance by exploiting the information on the contact set on which the null hypothesis is binding. We also conduct Monte Carlo simulations to explore the finite sample performance of our tests. We then apply our test to analyze two economic questions. We first investigate whether the interdependence of stock returns among major firms has increased after the COVID-19, and find evidence supporting this conjecture. We also compare the interdependence of patent citations depending on distance, where greater interdependence can imply greater expected social welfare effect. The results suggest that, in most cases, between-state citations seem to have greater interdependence than within-state citations, implying that lively interaction between firms across states might engender greater expected social welfare than knowledge spillover within a geographically confined area
Testing for Stochastic Dominance Efficiency
We propose a new test of the stochastic dominance efficiency of a given portfolio over a class
of portfolios. We establish its null and alternative asymptotic properties, and define a method
for consistently estimating critical values. We present some numerical evidence that our tests
work well in moderate sized samples
Selection of Optimized Retaining Wall Technique Using Self-Organizing Maps
Construction projects in urban areas tend to be associated with high-rise buildings and are of very large-scales; hence, the importance of a project’s underground construction work is significant. In this study, a rational model based on machine learning (ML) was developed. ML algorithms are programs that can learn from data and improve from experience without human intervention. In this study, self-organizing maps (SOMs) were utilized. An SOM is an alternative to existing ML methods and involves a subjective decision-making process because a developed model is used for data training to classify and effectively recognize patterns embedded in the input data space. In addition, unlike existing methods, the SOM can easily create a feature map by mapping multidimensional data to simple two-dimensional data. The objective of this study is to develop an SOM model as a decision-making approach for selecting a retaining wall technique. N-fold cross-validation was adopted to validate the accuracy of the SOM model and evaluate its reliability. The findings are useful for decision-making in selecting a retaining wall method, as demonstrated in this study. The maximum accuracy of the SOM was 81.5%, and the average accuracy was 79.8%
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