Reynolds and Mach number effects on multielement airfoils

Experimental studies were conducted to assess Reynolds and Mach number effects on a supercritical multielement airfoil. The airfoil is representative of the stall-critical station of an advanced transport wing design. The experimental work was conducted as part of a cooperative program between the Douglas Aircraft Company and the NASA LaRC to improve current knowledge of high-lift flows and to develop a validation database with practical geometries/conditions for emerging computational methods. This paper describes results obtained for both landing and takeoff multielement airfoils (four and three-element configurations) for a variety of Mach/Reynolds number combinations up to flight conditions. Effects on maximum lift are considered for the landing configurations and effects on both lift and drag are reported for the takeoff geometry. The present test results revealed considerable maximum lift effects on the three-element landing configuration for Reynolds number variations and significant Mach number effects on the four-element airfoil

Base metal budgets of a small catchment in a tropical montane forest in South Ecuador

In a tropical montane rain forest in south Ecuador, the alkali and earth alkali metals Ca, Mg, K, and Na are supplied by weathering of the parent substrate consisting of phyllites and metasandstones and by atmospheric inputs. Phases of acid deposition are interrupted by alkalinization through episodic basic dust deposition. Although the biological productivity of most terrestrial ecosystems is thought to be N- and/or P-limited, there is increasing evidence that the essential plant nutrients K, Na, Mg and Ca can also limit biological functioning. We quantified biological and geochemical contributions to base metal fluxes and set up a metal budget of a ca. 9.1-ha large catchment from 1998 to 2013. The catchment is characterized by a high annual interception loss (28–50 %) and a low contribution of stem flow to throughfall. Mean total annual soil input (throughfall + stemflow + litterfall) was 13800 ± 1500 mg m-2 (Ca, mean ± SD), 19000 ± 1510 (K), 4690 ± 619 (Mg) and 846 ± 592 (Na) of which 22 ± 6 % (Ca), 45 ± 16 (K), 39 ± 10 (Mg) and 84 ± 33 (Na) were leached to soil horizons below the organic layer. The three nutrient metals Ca, K and Mg were thus to a large part retained in the biotic part of the catchment. The canopy budget of K was consistently and most pronouncedly negative. The canopy budgets of Ca and Mg were closely correlated and in most years negative, while the budget of Na was consistently positive, indicating net retention of this element in the canopy. The mineral soil retained 79–94 % of Ca, K and Mg, while Na was net released from the mineral soil. The size of mainly biologically controlled aboveground fluxes of Ca, K and Mg was 1-2 orders of magnitude larger than that of mainly geochemically controlled fluxes which are driven by sorption to soil and weathering. Annual net hydrological fluxes (bulk deposition – stream flow) were –66 ± 278 mg m-2 (Ca), 361 ± 421 (K), –188 ± 159 (Mg) and –1700 ± 587 (Na). If estimated dry deposition was included, the system accumulated 86 kg Ca ha-1 and 199 kg K ha-1, had a nearly balanced budget of Mg (+0.3 kg ha-1) and lost 56 kg of Na ha-1 in the last 15 years. The strongest driver of all budgets was the input flux into the various compartments

Decision-making tool for enhancing the sustainable management of cultural institutions: season content programming at Palau de la música catalana

There has been an increasing relevance of the cultural sector in the economic and social development of different countries. However, this sector continues without much input from multi-criteria decision-making (MDCM) techniques and sustainability analysis, which are widely used in other sectors. This paper proposes an MCDM model to assess the sustainability of a musical institution’s program. To define the parameters of the proposed model, qualitative interviews with relevant representatives of Catalan cultural institutions and highly recognized professionals in the sector were performed. The content of the 2015–2016 season of the ‘Palau de la Música Catalana’, a relevant Catalan musical institution located in Barcelona, was used as a case study to empirically test the method. The method allows the calculation of a season value index (SVI), which serves to make more sustainable decisions on musical season programs according to the established criteria. The sensitivity analysis carried out for different scenarios shows the robustness of the method. The research suggests that more complex decision settings, such as MCDM methods that are widely used in other sectors, can be easily applied to the sustainable management of any type of cultural institution. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this method was never applied to a cultural institution and with real data

Transmediación y transformatización en la ficción televisiva de Ecuador: análisis de recepción de narrativas de humor

Ecuadorian television is 56 years old, time in which fiction has been part of the program and has established itself as one of the most offered genres in audiovisual channels with open signal. Currently, comedy is the mark of national fiction that have been placed among the most seen and at the same time, have been case of study about interactions with the audience for media besides television and the conversion from one format to another, without discarding characters and locations. This paper compiles the results of a longitudinal research carried out between 2010 and 2015 by OBITEL Ecuador on transmedia reception and “transformat” of five national comedy fictions from an actual perspective to understand the changes of this communication process. Virtual ethnography has been used as methodological strategy. It is concluded that national fictions are “transformazing” and transmediazing to broadcasters for internal reasons but other national fictions are changed only media, being Facebook the space where audiences continue showing greater support of the comedy fictions that have had high ratings in other years. In a global scenario where technology is changing the ways in which media content is consumed, the results of this work contribute to reception researches about Ecuadorian television, a process that requires more studies by the dynamics that is reaching.La televisión ecuatoriana tiene 57 años, tiempo en el que la ficción ha sido parte de la programación y se ha consolidado como uno de los géneros audiovisuales más ofertados de los canales de señal abierta. Actualmente, el humor es la marca de las ficciones nacionales que se han ubicado entre las más vistas y, al mismo tiempo, se han constituido en estudios de caso sobre interacciones con las audiencias por medios de comunicación distintos a la televisión y conversión de un formato a otro formato, sin desechar personajes y locaciones. Este artículo registra los resultados de una investigación longitudinal realizada entre 2010 y 2015 por OBITEL Ecuador sobre recepción transmediática y “transformatizada” de cinco ficciones nacionales de humor desde una perspectiva presente para comprender los cambios de ese proceso comunicativo. Como estrategia metodológica, se ha usado la etnografía virtual. Se concluye que las ficciones nacionales se han “transformatizado” y transmediatizado por razones internas a las emisoras mientras que otras se han transmediado por la aplicación de la ley, es Facebook en el las audiencias siguen mostrando un acompañamiento mayor de las ficciones de humor que tuvieron altos índices de audiencia en otros años. En un escenario mundial donde la tecnología está modificando las formas en las que se consumen los contenidos mediáticos, los resultados de este trabajo aportan a las investigaciones sobre recepción de la televisión ecuatoriana, proceso que precisa de más estudios por las dinámicas que está alcanzando

Control de constitucionalidad y su incidencia en el control de convencionalidad en ecuador y colombia

El objetivo de los autores se centra en analizar la realidad jurídica de Ecuador y Colombia examinando las disposiciones constitucionales vigentes y los pronunciamientos de las altas Cortes Constitucionales de esos países en relación al control constitucional y lo referente al control de convencionalidad, e identificar los conflictos que surgen debido a las particularidades propias de esta doctrina frente a la obligación de adecuar sus normativas internas a los estándares interamericanos de derechos humanos, conforme lo dispone el artículo 2 de la CADH