Logika niepewnych prawdopodobieństw w rachunku opłacalności inwestycji

W artykule przedstawiona została logika niepewnych prawdopodobieństw wg A. Jøsang‘a. Subjective logic opiera się na subiektywnych przekonaniach o świecie. Dlatego też dla podkreślenia subiektywnego charakteru wypowiedzi używa się terminu „opinia‖. Logika subiektywna może być postrzegana jako rozszerzenie zarówno rachunku prawdopodobieństwa jak i logiki binarnej. W artykule autorzy zwracają uwagę na możliwość zastosowania tej teorii w rachunku opłacalności inwestycji w szczególności jako rozszerzenie analizy wartości zaktualizowanej netto NPV. The paper presents assumptions of subjective logic by A.Jøsang. Subjective logic operates on subjective beliefs about the world. The basic term is ―opinion‖ that can be interpreted as a probability measure containing secondary uncertainty. As such subjective logic can be seen as an extension of both probability calculus and binary logic. Authors draw attention to subjective logic implementation in investment profitability calculus as a complement to Net Present Value

Assessment of the implementation of energy needs and the participation of macroelements in the diet of professional athletes and amateur athletes training at the gym

Introduction. In sport, a key role in achieving success is the right training unit combined with the rational nutrition. Both professional and amateur sports require the delivery of an increased amount of energy and nutrients compared to people not making physical efforts. The aim of the work was to assess the energy value and the level of consumption of basic nutrients among professional athletes and amateurs at the gym. Material and methods. The research was conducted among 30 athletes who were at a sports camp in the "Zawisza" center and 30 amateur athletes training at the "Jatomi Fitness Drukarnia" gym in Bydgoszcz. The average age of the respondents was 20 ± 10.9 years. The energy value of the diet and the supply of macroelements were assessed on the basis of a 24-hour interview. Results. Energy supply for athletes accounted for 84.8% of the recommended norm of energy demand (women: 82.5%, men: 88.6%). The energy value of food intake consumed by amateur athletes training at the gym covered 81.1% of their 24-hour energy expenditure (women: 74.1%, men: 88.0%). The proportion of macronutrients in the diet of men and women training athletics was a well-defined level of the recommended standard: protein 92.9% and 85.8%, fats 126.3% and 117.7% and carbohydrates 77.9% and 72.8%, while for amateur trainers: 146.8% and 107.8% protein, 102.4% and 90.7% fats and 71.9% and 63.9% carbohydrates. Conclusions. An important element is the need for nutrition education of athletes. Nutritional intervention may increase the dietary awareness of people performing physical activity and help in proper balance of the menu

Total hemoglobin mass, aerobic capacity, and hbb gene in polish road cyclists

The relationship between genes, amount of hemoglobin, and physical performance are still not clearly defined. The aim of this study was to examine the association between-551C/T and intron 2, +16 C/G polymorphisms in the beta hemoglobin (HBB) gene and total hemoglobin mass (tHbmass) and aerobic capacity in endurance athletes. Total hemoglobin mass and aerobic capacity indices, i. e.,VO2max, oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (VO2AT), maximal power output (Pmax), and power at anaerobic threshold (PAT) were determined in 89 young road cyclists, female (n = 39) and male (n = 50), who were genotyped for 2 polymorphisms in the HBB gene. The relative values of aerobic capacity indices differed significantly among intron 2, +16 C/G polymorphisms of the HBB gene only in female cyclists; athletes with GG genotype had significantly higher values of V O2max (p = 0.003), VO2AT (p = 0.007), PAT (p = 0.015), and Pmax (p = 0.004) than C carriers. No relationships were found between the C-carrier model (CC + CG vs. GG in the case of intron 2, +16 C/G and CC + CT vs. TT for -551 C/T polymorphisms of the HBB gene) and relative values of tHbmass. Our results demonstrated that the HBB gene could be related to aerobic capacity, but it seems that it does not result from an increase in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood

Long-term renal outcome in children with OCRL mutations: retrospective analysis of a large international cohort

BACKGROUND: Lowe syndrome (LS) and Dent-2 disease (DD2) are disorders associated with mutations in the OCRL gene and characterized by progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). Here, we aimed to investigate the long-term renal outcome and identify potential determinants of CKD and its progression in children with these tubulopathies. METHODS: Retrospective analyses were conducted of clinical and genetic data in a cohort of 106 boys (LS: 88 and DD2: 18). For genotype-phenotype analysis, we grouped mutations according to their type and localization. To investigate progression of CKD we used survival analysis by Kaplan-Meier method using stage 3 CKD as the end-point. RESULTS: Median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was lower in the LS group compared with DD2 (58.8 versus 87.4 mL/min/1.73 m(2), P < 0.01). CKD stage II-V was found in 82% of patients, of these 58% and 28% had moderate-to-severe CKD in LS and DD2, respectively. Three patients (3%), all with LS, developed stage 5 of CKD. Survival analysis showed that LS was also associated with a faster CKD progression than DD2 (P < 0.01). On multivariate analysis, eGFR was dependent only on age (b = -0.46, P < 0.001). Localization, but not type of mutations, tended to correlate with eGFR. There was also no significant association between presence of nephrocalcinosis, hypercalciuria, proteinuria and number of adverse clinical events and CKD. CONCLUSIONS: CKD is commonly found in children with OCRL mutations. CKD progression was strongly related to the underlying diagnosis but did not associate with clinical parameters, such as nephrocalcinosis or proteinuria

Rare variants in BNC2 are implicated in autosomal-dominant congenital lower urinary-tract obstruction

Congenital lower urinary-tract obstruction (LUTO) is caused by anatomical blockage of the bladder outflow tract or by functional impairment of urinary voiding. About three out of 10,000 pregnancies are affected. Although several monogenic causes of functional obstruction have been defined, it is unknown whether congenital LUTO caused by anatomical blockage has a monogenic cause. Exome sequencing in a family with four affected individuals with anatomical blockage of the urethra identified a rare nonsense variant (c.2557C>T [p.Arg853(∗)]) in BNC2, encoding basonuclin 2, tracking with LUTO over three generations. Re-sequencing BNC2 in 697 individuals with LUTO revealed three further independent missense variants in three unrelated families. In human and mouse embryogenesis, basonuclin 2 was detected in lower urinary-tract rudiments. In zebrafish embryos, bnc2 was expressed in the pronephric duct and cloaca, analogs of the mammalian lower urinary tract. Experimental knockdown of Bnc2 in zebrafish caused pronephric-outlet obstruction and cloacal dilatation, phenocopying human congenital LUTO. Collectively, these results support the conclusion that variants in BNC2 are strongly implicated in LUTO etiology as a result of anatomical blockage