Procedure for generating global atmospheric engine emissions data from future supersonic transport aircraft. The 1990 high speed civil transport studies

The input for global atmospheric chemistry models was generated for baseline High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) configurations at Mach 1.6, 2.2, and 3.2. The input is supplied in the form of number of molecules of specific exhaust constituents injected into the atmosphere per year by latitude and by altitude (for 2-D codes). Seven exhaust constituents are currently supplied: NO, NO2, CO, CO2, H2O, SO2, and THC (Trace Hydrocarbons). An eighth input is also supplied, NO(x), the sum of NO and NO2. The number of molecules of a given constituent emitted per year is a function of the total fuel burned by a supersonic fleet and the emission index (EI) of the aircraft engine for the constituent in question. The EIs for an engine are supplied directly by the engine manufacturers. The annual fuel burn of a supersonic fleet is calculated from aircraft performance and economic criteria, both of which are strongly dependent on basic design parameters such as speed and range. The altitude and latitude distribution of the emission is determined based on 10 Intern. Air Transport Assoc. (IATA) regions chosen to define the worldwide route structure for future HSCT operations and the mission flight profiles

U.S. Water Resources Management under the Uncertainty of Climate Change

This paper will explore the contribution of the Natural Hazards field to environmental management and Geography while also describing new frameworks, evolved from traditional hazards inquiry into the climate change vulnerability and adaptation field. It will also describe the author’s development of an empirically-based research program to explore adaptation of U.S. water resources management to the uncertainty of climate change and variability in the U.S. at the river basin scale

STARTING VALUES FOR PROC MIXED WITH REPEATED MEASURES DATA

A major advantage of PROC MIXED for repeated measures data is that one could choose from many different correlated error models. However, MIXED uses default starting values that may cause difficulty obtaining REML estimates of the covariance parameters for several of the models available. This can take the form of excessively long run times or even failure to converge. We have written a program to obtain initial covariance parameter estimates that result in greatly improved performance of the REML algorithm. We will use two covariance models frequently of interest in animal health experiments, the first-order ante-dependence model [ANTE(l)] and the Toeplitz model with heterogeneous variances [TOEPH], to illustrate the use of our procedure

Drill steel investigation

Purpose of Investigation To determine the best composition of a straight carbon drill steel for drilling in granite. Method of Investigation Obtain several brands of standard grade drill steel. Determine analysis and transformation points of each. Determine that heat treatment which gives the best drilling qualities in granite. Determine the micro-structure of such steel. Obtain steel of a certain specified composition considered best for the conditions and compare the results on this steel with the results obtained on the market products. Design of heating furnace for forging steels. It will be observed from what follows that this outline was not rigidly adhered to. It may seem that the main issues have been evaded. In fact, the work seemed to boil down to the parts, namely, (1) heat treatment, and (2) shape of bits, without particular stress being put on the carbon content of the steels used. Many of the steels run were not a straight carbon steel at all, but were alloy steels --Outline of proposed drill steel investigation, page 1

The design of mixed-use virtual auditory displays: Recent findings with a dual-task paradigm

Presented at the 10th International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD2004)In the third of an ongoing series of exploratory sound information display studies, we augmented a dual task with a mixed-use auditory display designed to provide relevant alert information for each task. The tasks entail a continuous tracking activity and a series of intermittent classification decisions that, in the present study, were presented on separate monitors that were roughly 90\,^{\circ} apart. Using a 2-by-3 design that manipulated both the use of sound in each task and where sounds for the decision task were positioned, the following principal questions were addressed: Can tracking performance be improved with a varying auditory alert tied to error? To what degree do listeners use virtual auditory deixis as a cue for improving decision reaction times? Can a previous finding involving participants' use of sound offsets (cessations) be repeated? And, last, are there performance consequences when auditory displays for separate tasks are combined? Respectively, we found that: Tracking performance as measured by RMS error was not improved and was apparently negatively affected by the use of our auditory design. Listener's use of even limited virtual auditory deixis is robust, but it is probably also sensitive to the degree it is coincident with the location of corresponding visual stimuli in the task environment. On the basis of manually collected head movement data, listeners do make opportunistic use of sound offsets. And, finally, a significant interaction, as measured by average participant reaction time, was observed between the auditory display used for one task and the manipulation of the degree of auditory deixis encoded in the auditory display used for the other task in our paradigm

AFTER FURTHER REVIEW: AN UPDATE ON MODELING AND DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR AGRICULTURAL DOSE-RESPONSE EXPERIMENTS

Research investigating dose-response relationships is common in agricultural science. This paper is an expansion on previous work by Guo, et al. (2006) motivated by plant nutrition research in horticulture. Plant response to level of nutrient applied is typically sigmoidal, i.e. no response at very low levels, observable response at mid-levels, point-of-diminishing returns and plateau at high levels. Plant scientists need accurate estimates of these response relationships for many reasons, including determining the lower threshold below which plants show deficiency symptoms and the point of diminishing returns, above which excessive doses are economically and environmentally costly. Guo et al. presented models and designs that address these requirements and a simulation study to assess and compare the small-sample behavior of these models and designs. This paper expands on that simulation study. In addition, a simulation study based procedure for exploring designs for experimental scenarios fitting this description is presented. This simulation study approach utilizes simulation based fit statistics in conjunction with various lack-of-fit plots to produce a design robust to multiple candidate models

Rodent-Agriculture Interactions in No-Tillage Crop Fields

Acreage in reduced- and no-tillage farming systems has increased markedly in recent years, a trend that is expected to continue. However, small rodent populations thrive in these fields and at times dig and consume newly planted seeds and seedlings. During 1983, no-tillage corn, wheat and grain sorghum fields in western (Red Willow Co.) and eastern (Saline and Jefferson Cos.) Nebraska were evaluated to determine the distribution and food habits of the rodent species present, the damage to crops, and the availability of alternate rodent food sources. During June (post-emergence) and August (maximum corn height), 676 rodents were captured in 11 corn fields, and during July, 105 rodents were captured in 2 wheat and 2 sorghum fields. Species captured included thirteen-lined ground squirrels (spermophilusilus tr decemlineatus), Ord\u27s kangaroo rats (Diopodomys ordii), deer mice (Peromysous m a niculatus), ndT-thern grasshopper mice (onychomys leucogaster), voles (Microtus spp.), hispid pocket mice (Pero nathus hispidus) western harvest mice (Reithrodontomys to megalotis), house mice (M= musculus and short-tailed shrews (Blarina bre i auda). Rodents were distributed throughout study fields although the sample size of several species was not great enough to determine patterns

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF MILKING SYSTEM VACUUM REGULATORS

Milking machine vacuum regulators were tested at dairies across the United States over a period of twelve years. The drop in vacuum level with increasing air flow for each regulator tested was modeled using segmented regression. Three measures of regulator performance were considered: the slope of the line in the first phase, the variability about the first line, and the join point (after which vacuum pressure began to drop rapidly). The distribution of the join point was estimated based on an accelerated failure time model with censoring, Weibull errors, a model effect, and a linear effect of set point vacuum. For each model, the average slope of the first line, the average variability about the line of the first regime, and the estimated median cfm (cubic feet of air per minute, New Zealand standard) for a join point with set point vacuum of 13 in. Hg were standardized. These standardized values were used in a cluster analysis to identify four performance groups of regulator models