Cancer Survival in Adults in Spain: A Population-Based Study of the Spanish Network of Cancer Registries (REDECAN)

© 2022.This document is made available under the CC-BY 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by /4.0/ This document is the published version of a published work that appeared in final form in CancersThe assessment of cancer survival at the population level is essential for monitoring progress in cancer control. We aimed to assess cancer survival and its trends in adults in Spain. Individual records of 601,250 adults with primary cancer diagnosed during 2002-2013 and followed up to 2015 were included from 13 population-based cancer registries. We estimated net survival up to five years after diagnosis and analyzed absolute changes between 2002-2007 and 2008-2013. Estimates were age-standardized. Analyses were performed for 29 cancer groups, by age and sex. Overall, age-standardized five-year net survival was higher in women (61.7%, 95% CI 61.4-62.1%) than in men (55.3%, 95% CI 55.0-55.6%), and ranged by cancer from 7.2% (pancreas) to 89.6% (prostate) in men, and from 10.0% (pancreas) to 93.1% (thyroid) in women in the last period. Survival declined with age, showing different patterns by cancer. Between both periods, age-standardized five-year net survival increased overall by 3.3% (95% CI 3.0-3.7%) in men and 2.5% (95% CI 2.0-3.0%) in women, and for most cancer groups. Improvements were greater in patients younger than 75 years than in older patients. Chronic myeloid leukemia and myeloma showed the largest increases. Among the most common malignancies, the greatest absolute increases in survival were observed for colon (5.0%, 95% CI 4.0-6.0%) and rectal cancers (4.5%, 95% CI 3.2-5.9%). Survival improved even for some cancers with poor prognosis (pancreas, esophagus, lung, liver, and brain cancer). Further investigation of possible sociodemographic inequalities is warranted. This study contributes to the evaluation of cancer control and health services' effectiveness

Effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir‐based regimens plus an NS5A inhibitor for patients with HCV genotype 3 infection and cirrhosis: results of a multicenter real‐life cohort

[Abstract] Patients with HCV genotype 3 (GT3) infection and cirrhosis are currently the most difficult to cure. We report our experience with sofosbuvir+daclatasvir (SOF+DCV) or sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (SOF/LDV), with or without ribavirin (RBV) in clinical practice in this population. This was a multicenter observational study including cirrhotic patients infected by HCV GT3, treated with sofosbuvir plus an NS5A inhibitor (May 2014‐October 2015). In total, 208 patients were included: 98 (47%) treatment‐experienced, 42 (20%) decompensated and 55 (27%) MELD score >10. In 131 (63%), treatment was SOF+DCV and in 77 (37%), SOF/LDV. Overall, 86% received RBV. RBV addition and extension to 24 weeks was higher in the SOF/LDV group (95% vs 80%, P=.002 and 83% vs 72%, P=.044, respectively). A higher percentage of decompensated patients were treated with DCV than LDV (25% vs 12%, P=.013). Overall, SVR12 was 93.8% (195/208): 94% with SOF+DCV and 93.5% with SOF/LDV. SVR12 was achieved in 90.5% of decompensated patients. Eleven treatment failures: 10 relapses and one breakthrough. RBV addition did not improve SVR (RR: 1.08; P=.919). The single factor associated with failure to achieve SVR was platelet count <75×10E9/mL (RR: 3.50, P=.019). In patients with MELD <10, type of NS5A inhibitor did not impact on SVR12 (94% vs 97%; adjusted RR: 0.49). Thirteen patients (6.3%) had serious adverse events, including three deaths (1.4%) and one therapy discontinuation (0.5%), higher in decompensated patients (16.7% vs 3.6%, P<.006). In patients with GT3 infection and cirrhosis, SVR12 rates were high with both SOF+DCV and SOF/LDV, with few serious adverse events

Physical activity and risk of Metabolic Syndrome in an urban Mexican cohort

Abstract Background In the Mexican population metabolic syndrome (MS) is highly prevalent. It is well documented that regular physical activity (PA) prevents coronary diseases, type 2 diabetes and MS. Most studies of PA have focused on moderate-vigorous leisure-time activity, because it involves higher energy expenditures, increase physical fitness, and decrease the risk of MS. However, for most people it is difficult to get a significant amount of PA from only moderately-vigorous leisure activity, so workplace activity may be an option for working populations, because, although may not be as vigorous in terms of cardio-respiratory efforts, it comprises a considerable proportion of the total daily activity with important energy expenditure. Since studies have also documented that different types and intensity of daily PA, including low-intensity, seem to confer important health benefits such as prevent MS, we sought to assess the impact of different amounts of leisure-time and workplace activities, including low-intensity level on MS prevention, in a sample of urban Mexican adults. Methods The study population consisted of 5118 employees and their relatives, aged 20 to 70 years, who were enrolled in the baseline evaluation of a cohort study. MS was assessed according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program, ATP III and physical activity with a validated self-administered questionnaire. Associations between physical activity and MS risk were assessed with multivariate logistic regression models. Results The prevalence of the components of MS in the study population were: high glucose levels 14.2%, high triglycerides 40.9%, high blood pressure 20.4%, greater than healthful waist circumference 43.2% and low-high density lipoprotein 76.9%. The prevalence of MS was 24.4%; 25.3% in men and 21.8% in women. MS risk was reduced among men (OR 0.72; 95%CI 0.57–0.95) and women (OR 0.78; 95%CI 0.64–0.94) who reported an amount of ≥30 minutes/day of leisure-time activity, and among women who reported an amount of ≥3 hours/day of workplace activity (OR 0.75; 95%CI 0.59–0.96). Conclusion Our results indicate that both leisure-time and workplace activity at different intensity levels, including low-intensity significantly reduce the risk of MS. This finding highlights the need for more recommendations regarding the specific amount and intensity of leisure-time and workplace activity needed to prevent MS

Deep-sequencing reveals broad subtype-specific HCV resistance mutations associated with treatment failure

A percentage of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients fail direct acting antiviral (DAA)-based treatment regimens, often because of drug resistance-associated substitutions (RAS). The aim of this study was to characterize the resistance profile of a large cohort of patients failing DAA-based treatments, and investigate the relationship between HCV subtype and failure, as an aid to optimizing management of these patients. A new, standardized HCV-RAS testing protocol based on deep sequencing was designed and applied to 220 previously subtyped samples from patients failing DAA treatment, collected in 39 Spanish hospitals. The majority had received DAA-based interferon (IFN) a-free regimens; 79% had failed sofosbuvir-containing therapy. Genomic regions encoding the nonstructural protein (NS) 3, NS5A, and NS5B (DAA target regions) were analyzed using subtype-specific primers. Viral subtype distribution was as follows: genotype (G) 1, 62.7%; G3a, 21.4%; G4d, 12.3%; G2, 1.8%; and mixed infections 1.8%. Overall, 88.6% of patients carried at least 1 RAS, and 19% carried RAS at frequencies below 20% in the mutant spectrum. There were no differences in RAS selection between treatments with and without ribavirin. Regardless of the treatment received, each HCV subtype showed specific types of RAS. Of note, no RAS were detected in the target proteins of 18.6% of patients failing treatment, and 30.4% of patients had RAS in proteins that were not targets of the inhibitors they received. HCV patients failing DAA therapy showed a high diversity of RAS. Ribavirin use did not influence the type or number of RAS at failure. The subtype-specific pattern of RAS emergence underscores the importance of accurate HCV subtyping. The frequency of “extra-target” RAS suggests the need for RAS screening in all three DAA target regions

The prevalence and treatment of hypertension in the elderly population of the Mexican Institute of Social Security.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and treatment of high blood pressure among elderly people in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to July 1998 among the elderly people covered by the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) healthcare services in Mexico City. The study population consisted of 4,777 subjects aged 60 years and over, selected from a cohort of 5,433 people, representative of the population of Mexico City. Trained nurses carried out three blood pressure measurements at home. Diagnosis of high blood pressure was established if systolic pressure was equal to or higher than 160 mmHg, and/or diastolic pressure was equal or higher than 90 mmHg, or by self-report of a medical diagnosis of hypertension. Demographic and risk factor information was also collected. RESULTS: A total of 4,777 subjects were screened; 2,036 (43%) of them reported that they had been previously diagnosed as hypertensive. Of these, 1,954 (96%) were already on pharmacological treatment. A further 273 (5.7%) subjects were found to be hypertensive at screening. Among those receiving treatment, 1,399 (68.5%) had a blood pressure reading of less than 160/90 mmHg, and this was also the case for 59 (72%) of the known hypertensives not on treatment. A single drug was used by 1,556 (79.6%) of those on treatment. Risk factors for hypertension were more frequent in the hypertensive group (p 0.05 Pound). CONCLUSIONS: Almost half of the elderly population is hypertensive, most of them are already on treatment, but about one third of those on treatment do not have an adequate control of high blood pressure

Tabaquismo en profesionales de la salud del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelos

Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de hábito tabáquico por categoría laboral en trabajadores de la salud del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), en el estado de Morelos, México. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 3 133 empleados de los servicios médicos de las 23 unidades médicas con que cuenta la delegación Morelos del IMSS, durante el periodo de octubre de 1998 a marzo de 2000. Mediante un cuestionario autoaplicable se recolectó información sobre patrones de consumo de tabaco en distintas etapas de la vida, así como algunas características demográficas y categoría laboral. Se estimaron prevalencias e intervalos de confianza al 95% por grupos de edad y sexo para distintas categorías laborales. Resultados. De los 3 133 empleados participantes, 53.4% (IC 95% 50.8-56.8) de los hombres y 27.4% (IC 95% 25.4-29.3) de las mujeres contaban con historia de tabaquismo en algún momento de la vida. La prevalencia de tabaquismo activo fue de 28.3 % (IC 95% 25.6-31.0) y 14.4% (IC 95% 12.8-15.9) en hombres y mujeres, respectivamente. Entre los hombres, los médicos presentan una prevalencia de tabaquismo activo menor (20.9%) que la observada entre trabajadores de otras áreas: personal administrativo (33.0%) y personal técnico de distintas categorías (26.6%). Las mujeres muestran en general una prevalencia menor que los hombres en todas las categorías, y las enfermeras presentan una prevalencia discretamente menor (12.5%) que las médicas (16.0%). Conclusiones. El patrón del consumo de tabaco observado en profesionales de la salud del IMSS Morelos muestra una prevalencia menor a la observada en población general. Sin embargo, es necesario continuar con programas para desalentar el consumo del tabaco entre profesionales de la salud, y tratar de hacerlos concientes acerca de la influencia positiva que pueden y deben ejercer en la sociedad para impulsar programas integrados contra el consumo del tabaco y la adicción a la nicotina

Análisis de efectividad del citrato de fentanilo sublingual en pacientes con dolor irruptivo: estudio Sublime

Introduction: the scientific literature suggests that two in every three patients with chronic pain every so often suffer from transient exacerbations because of various causes, some of them predictable and some unexpected. In addition to the suffering they bring about, these episodes represent a relevant issue for patients as they trigger anxiety and add functional disability, which translates into greater difficulties in controlling baseline pain and lower quality of life. In 1990 the term "breakthrough pain" was coined in the United States to define transient cancer pain exacerbations under appropriate pain management with major opioids. In 2002, Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica (SEOM), Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos (SECPAL), and Sociedad Española del Dolor (SED) defined a consensus document wherein the term "dolor irruptivo" (irruptive pain) was adopted to define sudden, transient (usually less than 20-30 minutes), severe (VAS > 7) pain breakouts on the background of stable, persistent pain that remains tolerable (VAS 5 during the last 12-24 hours and/or undesired side effects arising from the current therapy for irruptive pain. Within the primary goal an analysis of the results for each VAS follow-up, the number of irruptive pain events, and pain relief onset was performed. Similarly, an analysis was also performed to compare these variables in the cancer pain group versus the non-cancer pain group, and in the idiopathic pain group versus the incidental pain group. Regarding secondary goals, age, gender, patient profile (adverse effects and irruptive pain episodes), active substance for baseline pain management, percentage of patients taking an additional 100 mcg dose of sublingual fentanyl, fentanyl dose per episode, mean fentanyl dose a day, and adverse effects were also analyzed. Results: mean patient age in the study was 62.8 years; 49% of patients enrolled were women, and 51% were men. Of all patients included 55.6% had non-cancer pain and 44.4% had cancer pain; in 38.3% of patients irruptive pain was idiopathic, in 60% it was incidental, and in 1,7% pain type was unknown. Ninety-seven percent of patients were included because of their having a VAS score above 5, and the remaining 3% had side effects arising from their current therapy for irruptive pain. The efficacy analysis identified a significant decrease in all primary variables (VAS assessment, mean number of irruptive pain episodes, and pain relief onset) from baseline starting at the first follow-up. The between-group analysis (cancer vs. non-cancer pain) recorded no significant differences in primary variables. However, the analysis according to irruptive pain type found that all patients with incidental pain reported a milder decrease in VAS, a higher number of irruptive pain episodes, and later-onset relief. Within secondary goals, the analysis of adverse effects noted no significant differences in the prevalence of side effects between the cancer and non-cancer pain groups. Nevertheless, a significantly higher incidence of nausea, vomiting, and somnolence was found in the idiopathic pain group as compared to the incidental pain group. It was also concluded that satisfaction was comparable among patients (good-excellent = 83.7%) and investigators (good-excellent = 85.5%). Conclusions: analysis results indicate: - The effectiveness of sublingual fentanyl is demonstrated since there is a significant decrease in VAS scores from baseline. - The duration of irruptive pain episodes significantly decreases after sublingual fentanyl therapy onset. - Effectiveness as measured through primary variables (VAS, number of irruptive pain episodes, pain relief onset) was consistent regardless of underlying disease (cancer versus non-cancer). - No significant differences were found in the analysis of fentanyl doses per pain episode according to underlying disease of pain type. - Its safety profile is demonstrated with no differences in the incidence of adverse effects between cancer and non-cancer pain groups.Introducción: la literatura científica indica que dos de cada tres pacientes con dolor crónico sufren con cierta frecuencia exacerbaciones puntuales del mismo debido a diferentes causas, en ocasiones previsibles, y en otras inesperadas. Además del sufrimiento que conllevan, estos episodios constituyen un problema importante para el paciente pues generan ansiedad y añaden incapacidad funcional, lo cual se traduce en una mayor dificultad para controlar el dolor basal y una menor calidad de vida. En 1990 se acuñó en Estados Unidos el término "break-through pain", para definir a las exacerbaciones transitorias de un dolor oncológico, que está bien controlado con la utilización de opioides mayores. En el año 2002, la Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica (SEOM), la Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos (SECPAL) y la Sociedad Española del Dolor (SED), establecieron un documento de consenso en el que asumieron el término "dolor irruptivo", para definir una exacerbación del dolor de forma súbita y transitoria, de gran intensidad (EVA > 7) y de corta duración (usualmente inferior a 20-30 minutos), que aparece sobre la base de un dolor persistente estable, cuando este se encuentra reducido a un nivel tolerable (EVA 5 en las últimas 12-24 horas y/o efectos secundarios indeseables originados por el tratamiento actual del dolor irruptivo. Dentro del objetivo principal, se realizó un análisis de los resultados en cada control de la escala EVA, número de episodios de dolor irruptivo e inicio del alivio del dolor. Así mismo, se realizó también un análisis comparando estas mismas variables en el grupo dolor oncológico vs. dolor no oncológico, y en el grupo dolor idiopático vs. dolor incidental. Acerca de los objetivos secundarios, se analizaron las variables edad, género, perfil del paciente (efectos adversos y episodios de dolor irruptivo), principio activo como tratamiento analgésico basal, porcentaje de pacientes que añadieron otros 100 mcg de fentanilo sublingual, dosis de fentanilo por episodio, media por día y efectos adversos. Resultados: la edad media de los pacientes incluidos en el estudio era de 62,8 años. El 49% de los pacientes incluidos eran mujeres y el 51% eran hombres. De todos los pacientes incluidos un 55,6% presentaba dolor de tipo no oncológico y el 44,4% presentaba dolor oncológico; en el 38,3% el dolor irruptivo era de tipo idiopático, en un 60% era de tipo incidental, y en un 1,7% desconocido. El 97% de los pacientes fueron incluidos por presentar una valoración de la escala EVA mayor de 5 y el 3% restante presentaban efectos secundarios indeseables originados por el tratamiento actual del dolor irruptivo. En el análisis de eficacia se detectó, desde el primer control, un descenso significativo en todas las variables principales (valoración de la escala EVA, número medio de episodios de dolor irruptivo e inicio del alivio del dolor) en comparación a la valoración basal. En el análisis entre grupo (dolor oncológico vs. dolor no oncológico), no se registraron diferencias significativas en las variables principales. Sin embargo, en el análisis en función del tipo de dolor irruptivo, se observó que los pacientes con dolor incidental registraban menor descenso del EVA, mayor número de episodios de dolor irruptivo y un inicio más tardío del alivio. Dentro de los objetivos secundarios, en el análisis de efectos adversos se observó que no existían diferencias significativas acerca de la prevalencia de efectos secundarios en los grupos de dolor oncológico y no oncológico. No obstante, sí se apreció, de forma significativa, mayor incidencia de náuseas, vómitos y somnolencia en el grupo de dolor idiopático comparado con el grupo de dolor incidental. También se pudo concluir que el grado de satisfacción en el paciente (bueno-excelente = 83,7%) y en el investigador (bueno-excelente = 85,5%) eran equivalentes. Conclusiones: los resultados del análisis indican que: - Se demuestra la eficacia de fentanilo sublingual, ya que existe un descenso significativo en la evaluación de la escala EVA en comparación a la valoración basal. - La duración de los episodios de dolor irruptivo disminuye significativamente una vez comienza el tratamiento con fentanilo sublingual. - La efectividad medida a través de las variables principales (escala EVA, número episodios dolor irruptivo, inicio del alivio del dolor) fue la misma independientemente del tipo de patología principal (oncológica o no oncológica). - No se detectaron diferencias significativas en el análisis de las dosis de fentanilo por episodio de dolor según patología principal o tipo de dolor. - Se demuestra su perfil de seguridad, no existiendo diferencias en la incidencia de efectos adversos en los grupos de dolor oncológico y no oncológico

Effectiveness and safety of elbasvir/grazoprevir therapy in patients with chronic HCV infection: Results from the Spanish HEPA‐C real‐world cohort

In randomized controlled trials of patients with chronic HCV infection, elbasvir/grazoprevir (EBR/GZR) demonstrated high cure rates and a good safety profile. This study assessed the effectiveness and safety of EBR/GZR, with and without ribavirin, in a real‐world HCV patient cohort. HEPA‐C is a collaborative, monitored national registry of HCV patients directed by the Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver and the Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases. Patients entered into HEPA‐C between December 2016 and May 2017, and treated with EBR/GZR with at least end‐of‐treatment response data, were included. Demographic, clinical and virologic data were analysed, and adverse events (AEs) recorded. A total of 804 patients were included in the study. The majority were male (57.9%), with a mean age of 60 (range, 19‐92) years. Genotype (GT) distribution was GT 1, 86.8% (1a, 14.3%; 1b, 72.5%); GT 4, 13.2% and 176 patients (21.9%) were cirrhotic. Overall, among 588 patients with available data, 570 (96.9%) achieved sustained virologic response at 12 weeks post‐treatment (SVR12). SVR12 rates by genotype were GT 1a, 97.7%; GT 1b, 98.6%; and GT 4, 98.1%. No significant differences in SVR12 according to fibrosis stage were observed. Eighty patients experienced an AE, resulting in treatment discontinuation in three. In this large cohort of patients with chronic HCV managed in a real‐world setting in Spain, EBR/GZR achieved high rates of SVR12, comparable to those observed in randomized controlled trials, with a similarly good safety profile.Peer reviewe