Optimum Production through variational principle with the time quadratic demand, fuzzy time period and fuzzy integrand

Here a real life optimal control problem under fuzzy time period using variational principle is formulated and Solved. The unit production cost is a function of production rate and also dependent on raw material cost, development cost due to durability and wear-tear cost. The holding cost is assumed to be non-linear, dependent on time. The profit function which consists of revenue, production cost and holding cost is formulated as a Fuzzy-Final Time and Fixed State System optimal control problem with fuzzy time period. Here production rate is unknown and considered as a control variable and stock level is taken as a state variable. It is formulated to optimize the production rate so that total profit is maximum. The non-linear optimization technique-Generalised Reduced Gradient Method (LINGO 11.0) is used. The optimum results are illustrated both numerically and graphically.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2006.0174

Using movement, diet, and genetic analyses to understand Arctic charr responses to ecosystem change

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The extensive datasets used in this study were reliant on the dedication and innovation of many residents of Nunatsiavut (Food Skills and Environmental Research Program), technicians and biologists from DFO (J. Seiden, D. Lancaster, M. Shears, M. Bloom, S. Duffy), the Nunatsiavut Government (P. McCarney, C. Andersen, L. Pijogge), Oceans North (S. Pain), and of the captains and crew of the What’s Happening and the Safe Passage. Suggestions by three anonymous reviewers also greatly improved the manuscript. Funding for this research was provided in part by ArcticNet and DFO Oceans.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Interrogating the effect of an orifice on the upward two-phase gas–liquid flow behavior

Experiments are reported on an air–water mixture flowing through an orifice in a vertical pipe. Time series of cross-sectionally averaged void fractions have been measured at nine axial positions by using a conductance probe technique. A series of six orifices with different thicknesses and apertures were employed. The Probability Density Function, the Power Spectral Density of the time series of cross sectionally averaged void fractions and the cross-correlation of time series from adjacent probes have been obtained to determine the effect of the orifice on the flow characteristics. The diameter area ratio and the thickness of the orifice have a higher influence on bubbly than on slug and churn flows. The recovery length is about 20, 10 and 7 pipe diameter downstream the orifice for these three flow patterns respectively. Homogenization effect needs a minimum liquid superficial velocity. Its position occurs depends on the value of this velocity and on the orifice fractional open area. Just downstream the orifice, the structure velocity increases for the bubbly and slug flows and decreases for churn flow. For bubble and slug flows, there is persistency of the frequency when passing through the orifice from the upstream to the downstream pipe

Comparing eDNA metabarcoding and conventional pelagic netting to inform biodiversity monitoring in deep ocean environments

The performance of environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has rarely been evaluated against conventional sampling methods in deep ocean mesopelagic environments. We assessed the biodiversity patterns generated with eDNA and two co-located conventional methods, oblique midwater trawls and vertical multinets, to compare regional and sample-level diversity. We then assessed the concordance of ecological patterns across water column habitats and evaluated how DNA markers and the level of sampling effort influenced the inferred community. We found eDNA metabarcoding characterized regional diversity well, detecting more taxa while identifying similar ecological patterns as conventional samples. Within sampling locations, eDNA metabarcoding rarely detected taxa across more than one replicate. While more taxa were found in eDNA than oblique midwater trawls within sample stations, fewer were found compared to vertical multinets. Our simulations show greater eDNA sampling effort would improve concordance with conventional methods. We also observed that using taxonomic data from multiple markers generated ecological patterns most similar to those observed with conventional methods. Patterns observed with Exact Sequence Variants were more stable across markers suggesting they are more powerful for detecting change. eDNA metabarcoding is a valuable tool for identifying and monitoring biological hotspots but some methodological adjustments are recommended for deep ocean environments

Mapping of marketing channels and value chain analysis of some commercially important shellfish species landings in the East Medinipur district, West Bengal

West Bengal with a coastline of 158 km, two coastal districts, 171 marine fishing villages, 49 marine fish landing centres, 3.7 lakh fisher folk population (CMFRI Census, 2016) has contributed 2.6 lakh t of marine fish landings during 2020 registering an increase of 4.6% compared to 2019. The marine landings during the period were dominated by pelagic resources with landings of 1.25 lakh t (49%) followed by demersal (82,000 t, 32%), crustacean resources (41,000 t, 16%) and molluscan resources (8,000 t, 3%). The major resources contributed to the total crustacean landings of the state during the period were penaeid shrimps (66%) followed by non-penaeid shrimps (21%), crabs (13%) and lobsters (<1%). Similarly the major resources contributed to the total molluscan landings were cuttlefishes (71%), followed by squids (28%). Octopus formed a meagre landing, contributing nearly 1% of the total molluscan landings of the state. The major gears contributing to the total marine landings of the state were mechanized multi-day trawlers (54%) followed by mechanized gill netters (12%) and inboard bag netters (7%). Other gears such as mechanized bag netters, inboard gill netters, hook and liners and shore seiners together contributed about 27% to the total marine fish landings of West Bengal (CMFRI, 2020)

Evidence for vortex state in Fe2CoGe thin films using FORC and magnetic imaging

We report on the evidence for the vortex state in the thin films of Fe2CoGe through first order reversal curves, magnetic force microscope, longitudinal magneto-optical Kerr effect and micro-magnetic simulations. Phase purity of the films confirmed through X-ray diffraction, which confirms the A2 type disorder Heusler alloy structure. Contour graph of first order reversal curves infers the formation of vortex state that is useful to understand magnetization reversal and switching process. We do observe the vortex state ∼1 μm with in – plane curling of the magnetization using magnetic force microscope phase analysis. We believe that realization of vortex state formation in Fe2CoGe thin films may cater applications in future magnetic data storage and microwave oscillators

Market structure analysis of fish markets in coastal districts of West Bengal

West Bengal with three coastal viz., North 24-Parganas, South 24-Parganas and East Medinipur with 49 marine fish landing centres (3.9% of total marine fish landing centers of India), with about 81,067 fishermen families comprising of 3.69 lakh fisher folks (9.5% of the total fisher folk population of India) residing in 171 marine fishing villages (5.7% of the total marine fishing villages of India). Most of the fisher folk (about 70%) are traditional fishermen (Marine Fisheries Census, 2016). A major chunk (about 55,301 families) of the fisher population is socio-economically vulnerable as they are below poverty level and about 81% of the fishermen houses are Kutcha houses and 19% are Pucca houses. Despite Covid 19 lockdowns and the devastating Amphan cyclone, in the year 2020, the estimated marine fish landings was 2.60 lakh tonnes compared to 2.49 lakh tonnes in 2019 (CMFRI-Marine Fish Landings in India, 2020). The coastal districts South 24 Parganas and East Medinipur respectively contributed 49% and 51% of the total marine fish landings, with contribution of pelagic (49%), demersal (32%), crustacean (16%) and molluscan (3%) resources. About 4,014 mechanized crafts and 6,564 motorized and 476 non-motorized crafts are engaged in marine fishing activities in the state (Table 1). The mechanized and motorized sectors contributed 89.7% and 10.1% of the total landings respectively, while the non-motorized sector contributed only 0.2%. Although gill netters form 33% of the total fishing crafts in the state, major portion (about 60%) of the marine resources are landed by trawlers in West Bengal, mainly consisting of anchovies, penaeid shrimps, croakers, Bombay duck, pomfrets and Hilsa

Economic evaluation of marine fishing operations in Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal, India

The marine fish landing in West Bengal, India during 2020 was estimated at 2.60 lakh tonnes, contributing 9.5% of the total marine fish landings in the country. The techno-economic evaluation of different fishing methods on the West Bengal coast was carried out to assess the economic efficiency. The boat and net combinations throughout the years have seen spectacular changes because of the enormous expense of fishing, the time taken for fishing and the prefunding of activities and support. Fuel accounted for the major share (56 to 66%) in operational costs of mechanized crafts. In motorized crafts, the contribution of fuel to operational costs ranged from 21.6% to 23.6%. Crew wages, which formed only 17.8 to 23.2% of the operational costs in mechanized crafts, contributed the major share (44.4% to 54.7%) in motorized crafts. In non-motorized crafts, more than 70% of the operational cost was towards crew wages. Net Profit Margin and Return on Investment were 16.2 to 22.9% and 0.5 to 1.07 for mechanized fishing operations, 21.1% to 59.3% and 0.42 to 1.85 for motorized fishing operations and 26.3% to 31% and 1.25 to 3.92 for non-motorized fishing operations, indicating motorized fishing operations to be the most economically efficient method. Capital Productivity and Input-Output Ratios were 0.65 to 0.85 and 0.47 to 0.65 for mechanized fishing operations, 0.38 to 0.70 and 0.13 to 0.23 for motorized fishing operations and 0.65 to0.67 and close to nil for non-motorized fishing operations. The gross value added (GVA) of all fishing operations worked out to about 50 % of the gross revenue, which is a significant contribution to the economy. In fishing tasks, the expanded expense of fishing per trip, the diminished landings and the ensuing decrease in the gross returns per trip have been cited as significant requirements influencing the financial returns from various fishing methods, by the fishers

Morphological Variation Among Herring Gulls (Larus Argentatus) And Great Black-Backed Gulls (Larus Marinus) In Eastern North America

Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) and Great Black-backed Gull (L. marinus) morphometric data from various eastern North American locations was collected to examine the sources of variation in body size within and among geographic regions. For Herring Gulls, significant differences in all commonly taken measurements at local and regional scales were found. However, most of the variation in measurements was due to sex differences and the natural variance seen within local populations. Herring Gulls breeding in the Arctic did not show any evidence of being morphologically different from other groups. A discriminant function derived from a Newfoundland, Canada, breeding population of Herring Gulls successfully assigned the sex of birds in Atlantic Canada and Nunavut, Canada, further emphasizing that most of the variation seen is between sexes and not among local or even regional populations. It also indicates that the evitable variation introduced by inter-individual differences in measurements was insufficient to compromise the utility of the discriminant function. The correct classification rate was lower for Great Lakes breeding Herring Gulls, indicating that these birds have different morphologies than those of populations in easterly regions. In contrast, few differences and no clear geographic patterns were found in measurements for Great Black-backed Gulls. These results were consistent with recent genetic information, suggesting an older west to east radiation of Herring Gulls across North America and a lack of isolation among Great Black-Backed Gull populations