PaaS-IaaS Inter-Layer Adaptation in an Energy-Aware Cloud Environment

Cloud computing providers resort to a variety of techniques to improve energy consumption at each level of the cloud computing stack. Most of these techniques consider resource-level energy optimization at IaaS layer. This paper argues energy gains can be obtained by creating a cooperation between the PaaS layer (in charge of hosting the application/service) and the IaaS layer (in charge of handling the computing resources). It presents a novel method based on steering information and decision taking to trigger the PaaS and IaaS layers to adapt their energy mode in service operation, therefore enabling the Cloud stack to actively adapt to changing situations. Experimental results demonstrate such adaptation achieves dynamic energy management in each of the PaaS and IaaS cloud layers

Proving the Low Energy Theorem of Hidden Local Symmetry

Based on the Ward-Takahashi identity for the BRS symmetry, we prove to all orders of the loop expansion the low energy theorem of hidden local symmetry for the vector mesons (KSRF (I) relation) in the $U(N)_{\rm L}$ $\times$ $U(N)_{\rm R}$ / $U(N)_{\rm V}$ nonlinear chiral Lagrangian.Comment: 12 pages, LaTeX, DPNU-93-01/KUNS-117

BRST Cohomology of N=2 Super-Yang-Mills Theory in 4D

The BRST cohomology of the N=2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in four dimensions is discussed by making use of the twisted version of the N=2 algebra. By the introduction of a set of suitable constant ghosts associated to the generators of N=2, the quantization of the model can be done by taking into account both gauge invariance and supersymmetry. In particular, we show how the twisted N=2 algebra can be used to obtain in a straightforward way the relevant cohomology classes. Moreover, we shall be able to establish a very useful relationship between the local gauge invariant polynomial $tr\phi^2$ and the complete N=2 Yang-Mills action. This important relation can be considered as the first step towards a fully algebraic proof of the one-loop exactness of the N=2 beta function.Comment: 22 pages, LaTeX, final version to appear in Journ. Phys.

On particle acceleration around shocks II: a fully general method for arbitrary shock velocities and scattering media

The probability that a particle, crossing the shock along a given direction, be reflected backwards along another direction, was shown to be the key element in determining the spectrum of non--thermal particles accelerated via the Fermi mechanism around a plane--parallel shock in the test--particle limit. Here an explicit equation for this probability distribution is given, for both the upstream and downstream sections. Though analytically intractable, this equation is solved numerically, allowing the determination of the spectrum in full generality, without limitation to shock speed or scattering properties. A number of cases is then computed, making contact with previous numerical work, in all regimes: Newtonian, trans--relativistic, and fully relativistic.Comment: 23 pages, 9 figures. To appear in The Astrophysical Journa

Renormalizability of Nonrenormalizable Field Theories

We give a simple and elegant proof of the Equivalence Theorem, stating that two field theories related by nonlinear field transformations have the same S matrix. We are thus able to identify a subclass of nonrenormalizable field theories which are actually physically equivalent to renormalizable ones. Our strategy is to show by means of the BRS formalism that the "nonrenormalizable" part of such fake nonrenormalizable theories, is a kind of gauge fixing, being confined in the cohomologically trivial sector of the theory.Comment: 3 pages, revtex, no figure

Plant communities of Italy. The vegetation prodrome

The Vegetation Prodrome of Italy was promoted in 2012 by the Italian "Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea Protection", in collaboration with the "Italian Society of Botany", to provide a comprehensive and systematic catalogue and description of Italian plant communities. The Prodrome that is presented in this paper is the first full organic synthesis of the vegetation of Italy at the alliance syntaxonomic level. It fulfils several needs, the main one being a unified and comprehensive national framework that may make an important contribution to the definition of the European Vegetation Prodrome. Syntaxonomy, as well as taxonomy, is sometimes based on considerations that may in part diverge: several authors tend to favour models that are divisive or aggregative to a greater or lesser extent in terms of flora, biogeography and ecology. These different points of view stimulate the scientific debate and allow the adoption of a framework that is more widely supported. The Prodrome includes 75 classes, 2 subclasses, 175 orders, 6 suborders and 393 alliances. The classes were grouped into nine broad categories according to structural, physiognomic and synecological elements rather than to syntaxonomic criteria. The rank, full valid name, any synonymies and incorrect names are provided for each syntaxon. The short declaration highlights the physiognomy, synecology, syndynamics and distribution of the plant communities that belong to the syntaxon. The Prodrome of the Italian Vegetation is linked to the European Strategy for Biodiversity, the European Habitats Directive and the European Working Groups related to the ecosystems and their services. In addition to basic applications, the Prodrome can be used as a framework for scientific research related to the investigation of the relationships between plant communities and the environmental factors that influence their composition and distribution

Generalized Bayesian Record Linkage and Regression with Exact Error Propagation

Record linkage (de-duplication or entity resolution) is the process of merging noisy databases to remove duplicate entities. While record linkage removes duplicate entities from such databases, the downstream task is any inferential, predictive, or post-linkage task on the linked data. One goal of the downstream task is obtaining a larger reference data set, allowing one to perform more accurate statistical analyses. In addition, there is inherent record linkage uncertainty passed to the downstream task. Motivated by the above, we propose a generalized Bayesian record linkage method and consider multiple regression analysis as the downstream task. Records are linked via a random partition model, which allows for a wide class to be considered. In addition, we jointly model the record linkage and downstream task, which allows one to account for the record linkage uncertainty exactly. Moreover, one is able to generate a feedback propagation mechanism of the information from the proposed Bayesian record linkage model into the downstream task. This feedback effect is essential to eliminate potential biases that can jeopardize resulting downstream task. We apply our methodology to multiple linear regression, and illustrate empirically that the "feedback effect" is able to improve the performance of record linkage.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figure

Characteristics of pelleted wheat middlings that affect summer storage

Pelleted wheat middlings samples were collected from four Kansas flour mills in March, April, and May, 1997 to characterize their moisture content and bulk density as they would be purchased directly from the mills by a livestock producer. The average moisture content of pelleted wheat middlings was 14% as they left the mills but declined during the spring to 13.6%. Pellets purchased from Kansas mills during the summer months are likely to contain 13.0 to 13.5% moisture. The average bulk density was approximately 40 lb/ft3 , which is equivalent to about 50 lb/bu. Based on the equilibrium moisture contents determined from the collected samples, if air at typical Kansas summertime temperatures is above 65% relative humidity, pellets will absorb moisture during storage

Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays from Young Neutron Star Winds

The long-held notion that the highest-energy cosmic rays are of distant extragalactic origin is challenged by observations that events above $\sim 10^{20}$ eV do not exhibit the expected high-energy cutoff from photopion production off the cosmic microwave background. We suggest that these unexpected ultra-high-energy events are due to iron nuclei accelerated from young strongly magnetized neutron stars through relativistic MHD winds. We find that neutron stars whose initial spin periods are shorter than $\sim 4 (B_S/10^{13}{\rm G})^{1/2}$ ms, where $B_S$ is the surface magnetic field, can accelerate iron cosmic rays to greater than $\sim 10^{20}$ eV. These ions can pass through the remnant of the supernova explosion that produced the neutron star without suffering significant spallation reactions. For plausible models of the Galactic magnetic field, the trajectories of the iron ions curve sufficiently to be consistent with the observed arrival directions of the highest energy events.Comment: 11 pages, 1 figure, replaced with revised version, some references adde