An investigation into CLIL-related sections of EFL coursebooks : issues of CLIL inclusion in the publishing market

The current ELT global coursebook market has embraced CLIL as a weak form of bilingual education and an innovative component to include in General English coursebooks for EFL contexts. In this paper I investigate how CLIL is included in ELT coursebooks aimed at teenaged learners, available to teachers in Argentina. My study is based on the content analysis of four series which include a section advertised as CLIL-oriented. Results suggest that such sections are characterised by (1) little correlation between featured subject specific content and school curricula in L1, (2) oversimplification of contents, and (3) dominance of reading skills development and lower-order thinking tasks. Through this study, I argue that CLIL components become superficial supplements rather than a meaningful attempt to promote weak forms of bilingual education

'Why Should I Study English If I'm Never Going To Leave This Town?' Developing Alternative Orientations To Culture in the EFL Classroom Through CAR

This article describes the progress and findings of a collaborative action research project on the cultural dimension in primary levels of EFL education in Valencia (Spain). Its aim was to explore whether the EFL subject tended to ignore the students¿ native cultural background, and if so, whether this omission brought negative pedagogical consequences. It involved ten student-teachers who were carrying out their practicum placements at schools in the region, ten EFL school teachers, and a university researcher. Collective meetings were held to critically analyze the school experiences, and design experimental interventions to give a different orientation to culture in the EFL class. By the end of the CAR, the STs had become better teachers and researchers: they were more aware of the need for the learners¿ cultural background to become integrated into the communicative aims of the EFL subject, and more prepared to improve their theoretical and practical understanding of this dimension through research on their own teaching

Museum education, cultural sustainability, and English language teaching in Spain

The collaborative action research project presented analysed the potential of museum education to radically transform the way in which English was taught and learnt in three diverse elementary, middle, and high-school contexts in the province of València (Spain). Insights from museum education and New Literacy Studies were used to expand upon the pedagogical affordances of the material and multimodal dimensions of English language teaching, in order to generate more opportunities for student motivation and engagement by connecting with the learners' home and community cultures, identities, languages, and literacies. To assess the impact of the project, a variety of qualitative strategies were used (including classroom recordings, student interviews and questionnaires, and photographs). A model for culturally sustaining pedagogy was suggested, which school and museum educators may use to inform their practice

First Observations of CH 4 and Spatially Resolved Emission Layers at Jupiter Equator, as Seen by JIRAM/Juno

In this work, we present the detection of CH4 and urn:x-wiley:21699097:media:jgre22151:jgre22151-math-0003 emissions in the equatorial atmosphere of Jupiter as two well-separated layers located, respectively, at tangent altitudes of about 200 and 500–600 km above the 1-bar level using the observations of the Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper (JIRAM), on board Juno. This provides details of the vertical distribution of urn:x-wiley:21699097:media:jgre22151:jgre22151-math-0004 retrieving its Volume Mixing Ratio (VMR), concentration, and temperature. The thermal profile obtained from urn:x-wiley:21699097:media:jgre22151:jgre22151-math-0005 shows a peak of 600–800 K at about 550 km, with lower values than the ones reported in Seiff et al. (1998), https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE01766 above 500 km using VMR and temperature as free parameters and above 650 km when VMR is kept fixed with that model in the retrieval procedure. The observed deviations from the Galileo's profile could potentially point to significant variability in the exospheric temperature with time. We suggest that vertically propagating waves are the most likely explanation for the observed VMR and temperature variations in the JIRAM data. Other possible phenomena could explain the observed evidence, for example, dynamic activity driving chemical species from lower layers toward the upper atmosphere, like the advection-diffusion processes, or precipitation by soft electrons, although better modeling is required to test these hypothesis. The characterization of CH4 and urn:x-wiley:21699097:media:jgre22151:jgre22151-math-0006 species, simultaneously observed by JIRAM, offers the opportunity for better constraining atmospheric models of Jupiter at equatorial latitudes

Variability of the auroral footprint of io detected by Juno‐JIRAM and modeling of the Io plasma torus

One of the auroral features of Jupiter is the emission associated with the orbital motion of its moon Io. The relative velocity between Io and the surrounding plasma trigger perturbations that travels as Alfvén waves along the magnetic field lines toward the Jovian ionosphere. These waves can accelerate electrons into the atmosphere and ultimately produce an auroral emission, called the Io footprint. The speed of the Alfvén waves—and hence the position of the footprint—depends on the magnetic field and on the plasma distribution along the field line passing through Io, whose SO2-rich atmosphere is the source of a dense plasma torus around Jupiter. Since 2016, the Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) onboard Juno has been observing the Io footprint with a spatial resolution of ∼few tens of km/pixel. JIRAM detected evidences of variability in the Io footprint position that are not dependent on the System III longitude of Io. The position of the Io footprint in the JIRAM images is compared with the position predicted by a model of the Io Plasma Torus and of the magnetic field. This is the first attempt to retrieve quantitative information on the variability of the torus by looking at the Io footprint. The results are consistent with previous observations of the density and temperature of the Io Plasma Torus. However, we found that the plasma density and temperature exhibit considerable non-System III variability that can be due either to local time asymmetry of the torus or to its temporal variability

Jupiter’s colorful hair

Auroral emissions on Jupiter form intricate structures. They may be conveniently separated by transient and more permanent features. Transient features often appear in the poleward-most sector of the auroral polar region and are usually found to depend on the direction of the Sun. Interestingly, the brightness and morphology of these polar emissions, at least in the north, appear to depend both on local time, but also on the sub-solar longitude. On the other hand, the permanent or longer lifetime auroral emissions are frequently associated with the main and outer emissions and are found to move close to corotation with Jupiter. However, this distinction between transient auroral features that are poleward and fixed in local time, and permanent features that are equatorward and corotating is somewhat artificial and may not include other types of auroral emissions. The dawn storm and the polar bright spot are two examples of such auroral emissions not following this simple categorization. The global morphology of Jupiter’s aurora was largely constrained by observations with HST, which only sees Jupiter’s dayside hemisphere. Thanks to the polar orbit of Juno, we now have access to views of the aurora at all local times and in particular to the night side hemisphere. We have combined HST-STIS, Juno-UVS and Juno-JIRAM observations of Jupiter’s UV and IR aurora to bring forward a new type of auroral structure - Jupiter’s hair - forming long-term multiple arcs whose orientation and location are influenced by local time. They extend from the poleward boundary of the main emission to the polar region, in the afternoon sector. This structure presumably encompasses previously found auroral features like the poleward auroral filament, transpolar arcs, and the auroral bridge structure

The Io, Europa and Ganymede auroral footprints at Jupiter in the ultraviolet: positions and equatorial lead angles

Jupiter's satellite auroral footprints are a consequence of the interaction between the Jovian magnetic field with co-rotating iogenic plasma and the Galilean moons. The disturbances created near the moons propagate as Alfv\'en waves along the magnetic field lines. The position of the moons is therefore "Alfv\'enically" connected to their respective auroral footprint. The angular separation from the instantaneous magnetic footprint can be estimated by the so-called lead angle. That lead angle varies periodically as a function of orbital longitude, since the time for the Alfv\'en waves to reach the Jovian ionosphere varies accordingly. Using spectral images of the Main Alfv\'en Wing auroral spots collected by Juno-UVS during the first forty-three orbits, this work provides the first empirical model of the Io, Europa and Ganymede equatorial lead angles for the northern and southern hemispheres. Alfv\'en travel times between the three innermost Galilean moons to Jupiter's northern and southern hemispheres are estimated from the lead angle measurements. We also demonstrate the accuracy of the mapping from the Juno magnetic field reference model (JRM33) at the completion of the prime mission for M-shells extending to at least 15RJ . Finally, we shows how the added knowledge of the lead angle can improve the interpretation of the moon-induced decametric emissions.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures, Accepted for publication in Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics on 20 April 202

Formulating 'principles of procedure' for the foreign language classroom: A framework for process model language curricula

This article aims to apply Stenhouse's process model of curriculum to foreign language (FL) education, a model which is characterized by enacting principles of procedure which are specific to the discipline which the school subject belongs to. Rather than to replace or dissolve current approaches to FL teaching and curriculum development, this article seeks to improve and enrich communicative and task-based orientations with an additional criterion for assessing the educational worth of the tasks through which these orientations are developed. Unlike the objectives and competences models, principles of procedure provide an intrinsic justification of school curriculum by enacting the epistemological structure of any given area of knowledge in the educational process. Accordingly, the article will first justify the need to come up with a process model of curriculum for FL education which is built around such principles; then, it will formulate a basic framework that reflects the logical structure, concepts and epistemological perspectives of the language studies, as a first step to allowing these to enter the FL classroom and orient the teaching conducted in it; finally, it will present three tasks whose design was inspired by the abovementioned framework, and which were put into practice with Primary education English as a Foreign Language learners during the 2013 2014 and 2014 2015 academic years

Exposure to natural environments during pregnancy and birth outcomes in 11 european birth cohorts

Research suggests that maternal exposure to natural environments (i.e., green and blue spaces) promotes healthy fetal growth. However, the available evidence is heterogeneous across regions, with very few studies on the effects of blue spaces. This study evaluated associations between maternal exposure to natural environments and birth outcomes in 11 birth cohorts across nine European countries. This study, part of the LifeCycle project, was based on a total sample size of 69,683 newborns with harmonised data. For each participant, we calculated seven indicators of residential exposure to natural environments: surrounding greenspace in 100m, 300m, and 500m using Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) buffers, distance to the nearest green space, accessibility to green space, distance to the nearest blue space, and accessibility to blue space. Measures of birth weight and small for gestational age (SGA) were extracted from hospital records. We used pooled linear and logistic regression models to estimate associations between exposure to the natural environment and birth outcomes, controlling for the relevant covariates. We evaluated the potential effect modification by socioeconomic status (SES) and region of Europe and the influence of ambient air pollution on the associations. In the pooled analyses, residential surrounding greenspace in 100m, 300m, and 500m buffer was associated with increased birth weight and lower odds for SGA. Higher residential distance to green space was associated with lower birth weight and higher odds for SGA. We observed close to null associations for accessibility to green space and exposure to blue space. We found stronger estimated magnitudes for those participants with lower educational levels, from more deprived areas, and living in the northern European region. Our associations did not change notably after adjustment for air pollution. These findings may support implementing policies to promote natural environments in our cities, starting in more deprived areas. © 2022Funding text 1: This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (LIFECYCLE, grant agreement No 733206; EUCAN-Connect grant agreement No 824989). ISGlobal acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and State Research Agency through the “Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019-2023” Program (CEX2018-000806-S), and support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program. For more information of each cohort individual funding, see Supplementary Material s, Information S2. ; Funding text 2: We would like to thanks to all the mothers, fathers, and children for their generous contribution as participants in the cohorts that are part of the LifeCycle project. For more information of each cohort individual acknowledgment, see Supplementary Materials, Information S1. This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (LIFECYCLE, grant agreement No 733206; EUCAN-Connect grant agreement No 824989). ISGlobal acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and State Research Agency through the “Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019-2023” Program (CEX2018-000806-S), and support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program. For more information of each cohort individual funding, see Supplementary Materials, Information S2. DAL has received support from Medtronic Ltd and Roche Diagnostics for research unrelated to this study. All the other authors declare that they have no competing interests

Morphology of the Auroral Tail of Io, Europa, and Ganymede From JIRAM L-Band Imager

Jupiter hosts intense auroral activity associated with charged particles precipitating into the planet's atmosphere. The Galilean moons orbiting within the magnetosphere are swept by the magnetic field: the resulting perturbation travels along field lines as Alfven waves, which are able to accelerate electrons toward the planet, producing satellite-induced auroral emissions. These emissions due to the moons, known as footprints, can be detected in various wavelengths (UV, visible, IR) outside the main auroral emission as multiple bright spots followed by footprint tails. Since 2016 the Juno spacecraft orbiting Jupiter has surveyed the polar regions more than 30 times at close distances. Onboard the spacecraft, the Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) is an imager and spectrometer with an L-band imaging filter suited to observe auroral features at unprecedented spatial resolution. JIRAM revealed a rich substructure in the footprint tails of Io, Europa, and Ganymede, which appear as a trail of quasi-regularly spaced bright sub-dots whose intensity fades away along the emission trail as the spatial separation from the footprint increases. The fine structure of the Europa and Ganymede footprint tails is reported in this work for the first time. We will also show that the typical distance between subsequent sub-dots is the same for all three moons at JIRAM resolution in both hemispheres. In addition, the sub-dots observed by JIRAM are static in a frame corotating with Jupiter. A feedback mechanism between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere is suggested as a potential candidate to explain the morphology of the footprint tails