Influence du réseau de haies des paysages bocagers sur le cheminement de l'eau de surface

En Bretagne, le bocage est un paysage typique constitué d'un réseau de haies planté sur un talus de terre entourant les parcelles. La première partie résume les connaissances actuelles sur le rôle hydrologique du bocage.L'article porte sur le rôle du bocage sur les écoulements de surface (écoulement hortonien). Il s'agit d'une première étape pour intégrer le rôle des haies dans la modélisation hydrologique distribuée. On s'attache à la description de la modification du réseau de drainage par les haies.Ce travail a nécessité la mise au pont d'un logiciel en C qui permet de créer le réseau de drainage sous contrainte topographique à partir d'un modèle numérique de terrain, puis de le modifier en intégrant la présence des haies. Cinq situations représentant une grande diversité bocagère (de 39 m/ha jusqu'à 200 m/ha) ont été étudiées. On constate une profonde modification du réseau de drainage, puisque jusqu'à 90% des mailles voient leur place changer dans le réseau de drainage. Cependant, l'effet le plus important est la déconnexion de certaines branches du réseau de drainage, qui était précédemment continu jusqu'à l'exutoire. En effet, certaines haies jouent le rôle de puits, où l'eau ne peut que s'infiltrer (haies parallèles aux courbes de niveau). Ces puits contrôlent ainsi des zones du bassin versant, qui peuvent atteindre jusqu'à 40 % de la surface totale. Des modifications sont également observées sur la longueur de ruissellement réduite en moyenne, mais dans des proportions faibles (10 à 20 %). Enfin, les pentes des mailles dont la direction a été modifiée par la présence d'une haie à leur endroit sont également diminuées d'environ 50 %.La densité de haies, qui est pourtant souvent le seul facteur disponible pour qualifier le bocage dans les opérations d'aménagement, apparaît insuffisante pour caractériser le rôle " tampon " du bocage sur le plan hydrologique. En conclusion, on attire l'attention sur la nécessité de prendre en compte la structure du bocage pour intégrer son rôle hydrologique dans les opérations d'aménagement.In Brittany, the bocage is the typical landscape, a network of hedgerows planted on an earthen bank. It could play a hydrological role by modifying the water pathways. This was studied by analysing the modification of the drainage network at the catchment scale, for 5 densities of the hedgerow network. The drainage network, basically controlled by the topography, was modified taking into account the hedges, which cannot be crossed by the water pathway. The digital elevation model and a vector map of hedges were the data used.The impact of hedgerows on different parameters influencing surface runoff was tested. The main modification is that a part of the catchment, up to 40% of the total area, is disconnected from the river course due to the presence of hedges acting as sinks. A reduction of the surface runoff length and a decrease of the slope of the pixel-hedges in the drainage direction are also measured. But none of these factors is dependent of the hedgerow density, which appears as a poor descriptor of the hydrological buffer capacity of the bocage landscape. We draw attention to the need to take into account the hedgerow structure for hydrological purposes, in order to improve the new policy of re-building a bocage landscape that is currently being implemented

Influence du réseau de haies des paysages bocagers sur le cheminement de l'eau de surface

En Bretagne, le bocage est un paysage typique constitué d'un réseau de haies planté sur un talus de terre entourant les parcelles. La première partie résume les connaissances actuelles sur le rôle hydrologique du bocage.L'article porte sur le rôle du bocage sur les écoulements de surface (écoulement hortonien). Il s'agit d'une première étape pour intégrer le rôle des haies dans la modélisation hydrologique distribuée. On s'attache à la description de la modification du réseau de drainage par les haies.Ce travail a nécessité la mise au pont d'un logiciel en C qui permet de créer le réseau de drainage sous contrainte topographique à partir d'un modèle numérique de terrain, puis de le modifier en intégrant la présence des haies. Cinq situations représentant une grande diversité bocagère (de 39 m/ha jusqu'à 200 m/ha) ont été étudiées. On constate une profonde modification du réseau de drainage, puisque jusqu'à 90% des mailles voient leur place changer dans le réseau de drainage. Cependant, l'effet le plus important est la déconnexion de certaines branches du réseau de drainage, qui était précédemment continu jusqu'à l'exutoire. En effet, certaines haies jouent le rôle de puits, où l'eau ne peut que s'infiltrer (haies parallèles aux courbes de niveau). Ces puits contrôlent ainsi des zones du bassin versant, qui peuvent atteindre jusqu'à 40 % de la surface totale. Des modifications sont également observées sur la longueur de ruissellement réduite en moyenne, mais dans des proportions faibles (10 à 20 %). Enfin, les pentes des mailles dont la direction a été modifiée par la présence d'une haie à leur endroit sont également diminuées d'environ 50 %.La densité de haies, qui est pourtant souvent le seul facteur disponible pour qualifier le bocage dans les opérations d'aménagement, apparaît insuffisante pour caractériser le rôle " tampon " du bocage sur le plan hydrologique. En conclusion, on attire l'attention sur la nécessité de prendre en compte la structure du bocage pour intégrer son rôle hydrologique dans les opérations d'aménagement.In Brittany, the bocage is the typical landscape, a network of hedgerows planted on an earthen bank. It could play a hydrological role by modifying the water pathways. This was studied by analysing the modification of the drainage network at the catchment scale, for 5 densities of the hedgerow network. The drainage network, basically controlled by the topography, was modified taking into account the hedges, which cannot be crossed by the water pathway. The digital elevation model and a vector map of hedges were the data used.The impact of hedgerows on different parameters influencing surface runoff was tested. The main modification is that a part of the catchment, up to 40% of the total area, is disconnected from the river course due to the presence of hedges acting as sinks. A reduction of the surface runoff length and a decrease of the slope of the pixel-hedges in the drainage direction are also measured. But none of these factors is dependent of the hedgerow density, which appears as a poor descriptor of the hydrological buffer capacity of the bocage landscape. We draw attention to the need to take into account the hedgerow structure for hydrological purposes, in order to improve the new policy of re-building a bocage landscape that is currently being implemented

H(3)tren (3+) and H(4)tren (4+) fluoride zirconates or tantalates

Four new [H(3)tren](3+) or [H(4)tren](4+) fluoride zirconates and two new [H(3)tren](3+) fluoride tantalates are evidenced in the (ZrF4 or Ta2O5)-tren-HFaq.-ethanol systems at 190 degrees C: the structurally related phases [H(4)tren]center dot(Zr2F12)center dot H2O and alpha-[H(4)tren](center dot)(Zr2F12) (P2(1)2(1)2(1)). beta-[H(4)tren]center dot(Zr2F12) (P2(1/c)), [H(3)tren](4)center dot(ZrF8)(3)center dot 4H(2)O (123). beta-[H(3)tren](2)center dot(Ta3O2F16)center dot(F) (R32) and its monoclinic distortion alpha-[H(3)rren](2)center dot(Ta3O2F16)center dot(F) (C2/m). alpha and beta-[H(4)tren]center dot(Zr2F12) and [H(4)tren]center dot(Zr2F12)center dot H2O are built up from (Zr2F12) dimers of edge sharing ZrF7 polyhedra while isolated ZrF8 dodecahedra are found in [H(3)tren](4)center dot(ZrF8)(3)center dot 4H(2)O. Linear (Ta3O2F16) trimers build et and beta-[H(3)tren](2)center dot(Ta3O2F16)center dot(F); they consist of two (TaOF6) pentagonal bipyramids that are linked to two opposite oxygen atoms of one central (TaO2F4) octahedron. A disorder affects the equatorial fluorine atoms of the trimers and eventually carbon or nitrogen atoms of [H(3)tren](3+) cations. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Vegetation and the importance of insecticide-treated target siting for control of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes

Control of tsetse flies using insecticide-treated targets is often hampered by vegetation re-growth and encroachment which obscures a target and renders it less effective. Potentially this is of particular concern for the newly developed small targets (0.25 high × 0.5 m wide) which show promise for cost-efficient control of Palpalis group tsetse flies. Consequently the performance of a small target was investigated for Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in Kenya, when the target was obscured following the placement of vegetation to simulate various degrees of natural bush encroachment. Catches decreased significantly only when the target was obscured by more than 80%. Even if a small target is underneath a very low overhanging bush (0.5 m above ground), the numbers of G. f. fuscipes decreased by only about 30% compared to a target in the open. We show that the efficiency of the small targets, even in small (1 m diameter) clearings, is largely uncompromised by vegetation re-growth because G. f. fuscipes readily enter between and under vegetation. The essential characteristic is that there should be some openings between vegetation. This implies that for this important vector of HAT, and possibly other Palpalis group flies, a smaller initial clearance zone around targets can be made and longer interval between site maintenance visits is possible both of which will result in cost savings for large scale operations. We also investigated and discuss other site features e.g. large solid objects and position in relation to the water's edge in terms of the efficacy of the small targets

Prospects for the development of odour baits to control the tsetse flies Glossina tachinoides and G. palpalis s.l.

Field studies were done of the responses of Glossina palpalis palpalis in Côte d'Ivoire, and G. p. gambiensis and G. tachinoides in Burkina Faso, to odours from humans, cattle and pigs. Responses were measured either by baiting (1.) biconical traps or (2.) electrocuting black targets with natural host odours. The catch of G. tachinoides from traps was significantly enhanced (~5×) by odour from cattle but not humans. In contrast, catches from electric targets showed inconsistent results. For G. p. gambiensis both human and cattle odour increased (>2×) the trap catch significantly but not the catch from electric targets. For G. p. palpalis, odours from pigs and humans increased (~5×) the numbers of tsetse attracted to the vicinity of the odour source but had little effect on landing or trap-entry. For G. tachinoides a blend of POCA (P = 3-n-propylphenol; O = 1-octen-3-ol; C = 4-methylphenol; A = acetone) alone or synthetic cattle odour (acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 4-methylphenol and 3-n-propylphenol with carbon dioxide) consistently caught more tsetse than natural cattle odour. For G. p. gambiensis, POCA consistently increased catches from both traps and targets. For G. p. palpalis, doses of carbon dioxide similar to those produced by a host resulted in similar increases in attraction. Baiting traps with super-normal (~500 mg/h) doses of acetone also consistently produced significant but slight (~1.6×) increases in catches of male flies. The results suggest that odour-baited traps and insecticide-treated targets could assist the AU-Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) in its current efforts to monitor and control Palpalis group tsetse in West Africa. For all three species, only ~50% of the flies attracted to the vicinity of the trap were actually caught by it, suggesting that better traps might be developed by an analysis of the visual responses and identification of any semiochemicals involved in short-range interaction

Improving the cost-effectiveness of visual devices for the control of Riverine tsetse flies, the major vectors of Human African Trypanosomiasis

Control of the Riverine (Palpalis) group of tsetse flies is normally achieved with stationary artificial devices such as traps or insecticide-treated targets. The efficiency of biconical traps (the standard control device), 161 m black targets and small 25625 cm targets with flanking nets was compared using electrocuting sampling methods. The work was done on Glossina tachinoides and G. palpalis gambiensis (Burkina Faso), G. fuscipes quanzensis (Democratic Republic of Congo), G. f. martinii (Tanzania) and G. f. fuscipes (Kenya). The killing effectiveness (measured as the catch per m2 of cloth) for small targets plus flanking nets is 5.5–15X greater than for 1 m2 targets and 8.6–37.5X greater than for biconical traps. This has important implications for the costs of control of the Riverine group of tsetse vectors of sleeping sickness

Towards an optimal design of target for tsetse control: comparisons of novel targets for the control of palpalis group tsetse in West Africa

Background: Tsetse flies of the Palpalis group are the main vectors of sleeping sickness in Africa. Insecticide impregnated targets are one of the most effective tools for control. However, the cost of these devices still represents a constraint to their wider use. The objective was therefore to improve the cost effectiveness of currently used devices. Methodology/Principal Findings: Experiments were performed on three tsetse species, namely Glossina palpalis gambiensis and G. tachinoides in Burkina Faso and G. p. palpalis in Côte d'Ivoire. The 1×1 m2 black blue black target commonly used in W. Africa was used as the standard, and effects of changes in target size, shape, and the use of netting instead of black cloth were measured. Regarding overall target shape, we observed that horizontal targets (i.e. wider than they were high) killed 1.6-5x more G. p. gambiensis and G. tachinoides than vertical ones (i.e. higher than they were wide) (P<0.001). For the three tsetse species including G. p. palpalis, catches were highly correlated with the size of the target. However, beyond the size of 0.75 m, there was no increase in catches. Replacing the black cloth of the target by netting was the most cost efficient for all three species. Conclusion/Significance: Reducing the size of the current 1*1 m black-blue-black target to horizontal designs of around 50 cm and replacing black cloth by netting will improve cost effectiveness six-fold for both G. p. gambiensis and G. tachinoides. Studying the visual responses of tsetse to different designs of target has allowed us to design more cost-effective devices for the effective control of sleeping sickness and animal trypanosomiasis in Africa

Selective involvement of serum response factor in pressure-induced myogenic tone in resistance arteries

OBJECTIVE: In resistance arteries, diameter adjustment in response to pressure changes depends on the vascular cytoskeleton integrity. Serum response factor (SRF) is a dispensable transcription factor for cellular growth, but its role remains unknown in resistance arteries. We hypothesized that SRF is required for appropriate microvascular contraction. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used mice in which SRF was specifically deleted in smooth muscle or endothelial cells, and their control. Myogenic tone and pharmacological contraction was determined in resistance arteries. mRNA and protein expression were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Actin polymerization was determined by confocal microscopy. Stress-activated channel activity was measured by patch clamp. Myogenic tone developing in response to pressure was dramatically decreased by SRF deletion (5.9+/-2.3%) compared with control (16.3+/-3.2%). This defect was accompanied by decreases in actin polymerization, filamin A, myosin light chain kinase and myosin light chain expression level, and stress-activated channel activity and sensitivity in response to pressure. Contractions induced by phenylephrine or U46619 were not modified, despite a higher sensitivity to p38 blockade; this highlights a compensatory pathway, allowing normal receptor-dependent contraction. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows for the first time that SRF has a major part to play in the control of local blood flow via its central role in pressure-induced myogenic tone in resistance arteries

A case repot of Merkel cell carcinoma on chronic lymphocytic leukemia: differential diagnosis of coexisting lymphadenopathy and indications for early aggressive treatment

BACKGROUND: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a monoclonal disorder, characterized by a progressive proliferation of functionally incompetent B lymphocytes. There is increased evidence of association between CLL and skin cancers, including the uncommon Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). CASE PRESENTATION: A case report of an 84-year old male, who presented with an aggressively recurrent form of MCC on the lower lip, on the background of an 8-year history of untreated CLL. During the recurrences of MCC, coexisting regional lymphadenopathy, posed a problem in the differential diagnosis and treatment of lymph node involvement. Histopathology and immunoistochemistry showed that submandibular lymphadenopathy coexisting with the second recurrence of MCC, was due to B-cell small lymphocytic lymphoma. The subsequent and more aggressive recurrence of the skin tumor had involved the superficial and deep cervical lymph nodes. Surgical excision followed by involved field radiation therapy has been proven effective for both malignancies. CONCLUSION: MCC has a high incidence of regional lymphadenopathy at presentation (12–45%) and even when it arises on the background of chronic leucemia, lymphadenopathy at presentation should be managed agressively with elective lymph node dissection. We overview the postulated correlation between Merkel tumor and CCL, the differential diagnosis of regional lymphadenopathy during the recurrences of the skin tumor and the strategies of treatmen