Community Structure and Ecological Conditions of Sea Cucumbers (Holothuroidea) in The Coastal Village of Pasokan, Walea Besar District, Central Sulawesi

Sea cucumber communities in the wild have different population sizes because there is a high species interaction within the community. Based on the biological organization that is used to express community structure, species diversity is unique to the community level. The objective is to ascertain the structure of sea cucumber communities along the coast of Pasok Village in the Walea Besar District of Central Sulawesi. Data are collected using transect lines, which are divided into three observation stations with ten sampling plots at each. The research method is descriptive-quantitative. The community structure can be known from the domination index (ID), diversity index (H'), and abundance index (J) used to process the data. The results of the study found the diversity index showed the numbers 1.092, 1.056 and 1.089. The dominance of Holothuria scraba species was 0.2 Indv/m2, Holothuria atra 0.14 Indv/m2, and Bohadscia marmorata 0.08 Indv/m2. The highest abundance value belonged to the species Holothuria atra 0.377 Indv/m2 and the lowest to Bohadscia marmorata 0.305 indv/m2. The results showed that the structure of the Holothuroidea community in Pasokan Pantai Village, Walea Besar District, Central Sulawesi, was in the present category

Antipyretic activity of azima tetracantha in experimental animals

In the present study, the ethanolic leaf extract of Azima tetracantha Lam (A. tetracantha) was investigated for antipyretic activity in rats using Brewer’s yeast induced Pyrexia. The leaves of A. tetracantha were collected from Ponnamaravathi and cut into small pieces and shade dried. The dried powdered leaves (100 gm) were extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus by using 95% ethanol. Albino rats weighing (200-250g) were taken for the experiment divided into four groups of six animals each. Group 1 received 3% aqueous suspension of gum Acacia (1 ml/200g) as vehicle orally, group 2 and group 3 received ethanolic leaf extract of A. tetracantha 100 and 200 mg/kg with 3% aqueous suspension of gum Acacia orally and the group 4 served as standard received paracetamol 25 mg/kg with 3% aqueous suspension of gum Acacia orally. The subcutaneous injection of yeast suspension markedly elevated the rectal temperature after 18h of administration. Treatment with A. tetracantha extract at a dose of 100, 200 mg/kg decreased the rectal temperature of the rats in dose dependent manner. This effect was maximal at dose of 200 mg/kg and it caused significant lowering of body temperature (P< 0.01) up to 4 hour after its administration. The antipyretic effect started as early as 1h and the effect was maintained for 4h, after its administration. Both the standard drug paracetamol 25 mg/kg and tested drug A. tetracantha extract were significantly reduced the yeast elevated rectal temperature, at 2nd, 3rd and 4th hour compared to control group

Cancer patients’ experiences of living with venous thromboembolism: A systematic review and qualitative thematic synthesis

Background: Cancer-Associated thrombosis is common. Recommended treatment is daily injected low-molecular-weight heparin for 6months. Most studies focus on prophylaxis and treatment; few have explored patients’ experience. Aims To identify and synthesise the available literature concerning patients’ experience of cancer associated thrombosis. Design Systematic literature review and qualitative thematic synthesis. MethodsMEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsychINFO (until 10/2016; limited to English) were searched. Eligible papers were qualitative studies of adult patients’ experience of cancer-associated thrombosis. Two researchers screened titles/abstracts/papers against inclusion criteria with recourse to a third for disagreements. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative checklist tool was used for quality appraisal. Results1397 articles were identified. Five qualitative studies (total n=92; age range 32 to 84 years) met the inclusion criteria. Participants had various cancer types. Most had advanced disease and were receiving palliative care. Four major themes emerged from the data: knowledge deficit (patients and clinicians); effects of cancer associated thrombosis (physical and psychological); effects of anticoagulation; coping strategies. ConclusionThe cancer journey is difficult in itself, but thrombosis was an additional, frightening and unexpected burden. Although the association between cancer and thromboembolism is well known, cancer patients are not educated routinely about the risk or warning symptoms/signs of thromboembolism which may otherwise be misattributed to the cancer by patient and clinician alike. This systematic review highlights the impact of cancer-associated thrombosis on the lives of cancer patients, and calls for education for patients and clinicians to be part of routine care, and further work to address this patient priority

DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHING MATERIALS ON 7 OBJECTS OF THINGS, ANIMALS AND PLANTS AROUND ME WITH SUB-THEME 3 OF LIVING THINGS AT CLASS 1 ELEMENTARY STUDENTS BASED ON SCIENTIFIC

This study aims to find out whether there are differences in learning outcomes of grade 1 elementary school students who use learning supplement books developed in the sub-theme 1 Living Objects Around me with learning outcomes of students who do not use learning supplement books developed in the sub-themes of 1 Living Objects Around Me. use research and development methods. The research and development procedure used is a modification of the Borg and Gall development model which includes seven steps of development namely stage (1) research and information gathering; (2) planning; (3) development of preliminary product forms; (4) preliminary trials; (5) revisions to the main products; (6) the main trial based on the results of the preliminary trial; (7) revision of operational products; (8) trial. operational; (9) final product revisions; and (10) dissemination and implementation. until it becomes the final product of teaching materials that refers to the 2013 curriculum. Theme 7 Objects, Animals and Plants Around Me subtema 1 Living Objects for class 1 Elementary School. Development of teaching materials using instruments that are interviews, observations, discussions with experts, competency tests, questionnaires, likert scales that are made in the form of a checklist such as questionnaires for expert validation. The technical data analysis used in this study is qualitative and quantitative data. The results of this study are teaching materials that refer to the 2013 curriculum sub-theme 1 Living Objects for grade 1 elementary school. Before and after the supplement book can be seen from the difference in the average pre-test and post-test that is 68.6 and 87.8 Feasibility Evaluation of Thematic Learning by using Rubrics with 3 material expert Validator Tests of 96%, madia expert Validator Test 89% of education expert Validator tests were 93.3%. Evaluation of supplementary book learning with a small group trial of 89.5%, and a large group test of 93.7%

Meta-analysis of repair techniques for mixed nerve damage

BACKGROUND: Injuries to the upper extremity are common and can occur with trauma, surgery, or compression. Particularly, injuries that result in complete transection often require surgical intervention in attempt to restore function and quality of life. Classically, nerve autografts have been used as the gold standard to repair these peripheral lesions. An alternative to the autologous nerve graft is the use of the processed nerve allograft. limited research exists in comparing sensory and motor outcomes of allograft nerve repair in the upper extremity with data for autograft repair. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we set out to cumulate results of motor and sensory outcomes of allograft peripheral nerve lesion repair and compare those results with outcomes of autograft repair. METHODS: Current literature on motor and sensory outcomes of autograft and allograft peripheral nerve repair were reviewed using British Medical Research Council (MRC) score of sensory recovery or British Medical Research Council (MRC) muscle strength grading system and complication rates as outcomes of interest. After inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, 12 articles were reviewed and 826 nerve repairs were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean gap length for the allograft group and autograft group was 28.6 mm and 24.7 mm, respectively. In terms of MRC sensory and motor outcomes, allograft repair was statistically superior to autograft repair. Complication data was insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the current updated meta-analysis using recent data, we found that both autograft and allograft repair have reasonable outcomes. Yet, processed nerve allograft repair out-performed autograft repair

Sensory Outcomes in Digital Nerve Repair Techniques: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Introduction: Injuries to the digital nerves are common with trauma to the hand; surgery is often required to repair injured nerves. Surgical management of digital nerve injuries includes neurorrhaphy or use of allograft, autografts, and conduits. Objective: In light of the increasing availability and utilization of digital nerve repair constructs, an updated meta-analysis was undertaken in order to comparatively review the available evidence to determine differences in outcomes. Methods: We reviewed the most current literature on sensory outcomes of various digital nerve repair techniques using static two-point discrimination (S2PD), moving two-point discrimination (M2PD), Semmes Weinstein–Monofilament testing (SWMF) and complication rates as outcomes of interest. After inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, 15 articles were reviewed and 625 nerve repairs were analyzed. Results: In terms of S2PD outcomes, autograft repair was found to have the highest percent of repairs with “good” and “excellent” sensory outcome followed by allograft repair, conduit repair, and neurorrhaphy (95% vs. 80% vs. 78% vs. 76%). In terms of SWMF outcomes, autograft repair reported the highest percentage of “normal” and “diminished light touch” sensation, followed by allograft, neurorrhaphy, and conduit repair (95% vs. 70% vs. 59% vs. 47%). Of the studies that reported complications, allograft repair had the highest complication rate (9%). Discussion: Combining “good” and “excellent” S2PD results and “normal” and “diminished light touch” SWMF showed that autograft repair may yet still provide the best sensory outcome results in repair of injured digital nerves. Allograft repair may pose the greatest risk for complication

Enhanced Tissue Integration During Cartilage RepairIn VitroCan Be Achieved by Inhibiting Chondrocyte Death at the Wound Edge

Objective: Experimental wounding of articular cartilage results in cell death at the lesion edge. The objective of this study was to investigate whether inhibition of this cell death results in enhanced integrative cartilage repair. Methods: Bovine articular cartilage discs (6mm) were incubated in media containing inhibitors of necrosis (Necrostatin-1, Nec-1) or apoptosis (Z-VAD-FMK, ZVF) before cutting a 3mm inner core. This core was left in situ to create disc/ring composites, cultured for up to 6 weeks with the inhibitors, and analyzed for cell death, sulfated glycosaminoglycan release, and tissue integration. Results: Creating the disc/ring composites resulted in a significant increase in necrosis. ZVF significantly reduced necrosis and apoptosis at the wound edge. Nec-1 reduced necrosis. Both inhibitors reduced the level of wound-induced sulfated glycosaminoglycan loss. Toluidine blue staining and electron microscopy of cartilage revealed significant integration of the wound edges in disc/ring composites treated with ZVF. Nec-1 improved integration, but to a lesser extent. Push-out testing revealed that ZVF increased adhesive strength compared to control composites. Conclusions: This study shows that treatment of articular cartilage with cell death inhibitors during wound repair increases the number of viable cells at the wound edge, prevents matrix loss, and results in a significant improvement in cartilage-cartilage integration

Pengaruh Radiasi Sinar Gamma Terhadap Tanaman Kacang Hijau (Vigna Radiata L.) Pada Kondisi Kekeringan

Demand of mungbean will be increase, so the production must be increased. One of efforts is to create superior variety by giving mutation.The goal of this research is to find out the effect of four level radiation dosage and drought stress to growth and yield of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), has finished in greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty of North Sumatera University, Medan conducted from May until August 2012. This Research was conducted using by Randomize Block Design factorials.The first factor is radiation dosage with four levels : 0, 10, 20, and 30 krad. The second factors is drought stress: 100%, 80%, 60%,and 40% KL. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and continued with HSD.The result of research showed the radiation significantly affected to the harvesting time. Drought stress significantly affected to the root volume, the number of pod per plant,and weight seeds per plant. The combination between dose of radiation and drought stress significantly affected to flowering time

A SAT-based System for Consistent Query Answering

An inconsistent database is a database that violates one or more integrity constraints, such as functional dependencies. Consistent Query Answering is a rigorous and principled approach to the semantics of queries posed against inconsistent databases. The consistent answers to a query on an inconsistent database is the intersection of the answers to the query on every repair, i.e., on every consistent database that differs from the given inconsistent one in a minimal way. Computing the consistent answers of a fixed conjunctive query on a given inconsistent database can be a coNP-hard problem, even though every fixed conjunctive query is efficiently computable on a given consistent database. We designed, implemented, and evaluated CAvSAT, a SAT-based system for consistent query answering. CAvSAT leverages a set of natural reductions from the complement of consistent query answering to SAT and to Weighted MaxSAT. The system is capable of handling unions of conjunctive queries and arbitrary denial constraints, which include functional dependencies as a special case. We report results from experiments evaluating CAvSAT on both synthetic and real-world databases. These results provide evidence that a SAT-based approach can give rise to a comprehensive and scalable system for consistent query answering.Comment: 25 pages including appendix, to appear in the 22nd International Conference on Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testin