Radar interferometry techniques for the study of ground subsidence phenomena: a review of practical issues through cases in Spain

Subsidence related to multiple natural and human-induced processes affects an increasing number of areas worldwide. Although this phenomenon may involve surface deformation with 3D displacement components, negative vertical movement, either progressive or episodic, tends to dominate. Over the last decades, differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) has become a very useful remote sensing tool for accurately measuring the spatial and temporal evolution of surface displacements over broad areas. This work discusses the main advantages and limitations of addressing active subsidence phenomena by means of DInSAR techniques from an end-user point of view. Special attention is paid to the spatial and temporal resolution, the precision of the measurements, and the usefulness of the data. The presented analysis is focused on DInSAR results exploitation of various ground subsidence phenomena (groundwater withdrawal, soil compaction, mining subsidence, evaporite dissolution subsidence, and volcanic deformation) with different displacement patterns in a selection of subsidence areas in Spain. Finally, a cost comparative study is performed for the different techniques applied.The different research areas included in this paper has been supported by the projects: CGL2005-05500-C02, CGL2008-06426-C01-01/BTE, AYA2 010-17448, IPT-2011-1234-310000, TEC-2008-06764, ACOMP/2010/082, AGL2009-08931/AGR, 2012GA-LC-036, 2003-03-4.3-I-014, CGL2006-05415, BEST-2011/225, CGL2010-16775, TEC2011-28201, 2012GA-LC-021 and the Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship to PJG

Computational Approaches to Explainable Artificial Intelligence:Advances in Theory, Applications and Trends

Deep Learning (DL), a groundbreaking branch of Machine Learning (ML), has emerged as a driving force in both theoretical and applied Artificial Intelligence (AI). DL algorithms, rooted in complex and non-linear artificial neural systems, excel at extracting high-level features from data. DL has demonstrated human-level performance in real-world tasks, including clinical diagnostics, and has unlocked solutions to previously intractable problems in virtual agent design, robotics, genomics, neuroimaging, computer vision, and industrial automation. In this paper, the most relevant advances from the last few years in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and several applications to neuroscience, neuroimaging, computer vision, and robotics are presented, reviewed and discussed. In this way, we summarize the state-of-the-art in AI methods, models and applications within a collection of works presented at the 9 International Conference on the Interplay between Natural and Artificial Computation (IWINAC). The works presented in this paper are excellent examples of new scientific discoveries made in laboratories that have successfully transitioned to real-life applications

Kinetics of the thermal decomposition of acetals. Part II. The methylal chain

The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of methylal has been studied over the range 472-520° and 50-450 mm. in a static system, By studying the change of pressure and By infrared analyses. The system of steadystate equations is too complex to have a straightforward solution but By means of them the experimental order is explained, several stoicheiometric relations among the products become amenable to experimental test, and ratios of elementary rate constants and changes of some radical concentrations have been calculated

Mixed columns made to order in gas chromatography ii. programmed temperature analysis at constant pressure drop

A FORTRAN program has been written which selects the best two or three component mixed liquid phase starting with three or four simple phases, and the best among three heating programs, for the separation of a mixture of up to 50 solutes, under programmed temperature and constant pressure drop conditions. If standard columns are used, the computer determines the minimum length of column packed with the optimum mixed phase necessary to achieve complete separation of all solutes, and the retention temperatures of all of them. The program has been checked by applying it to the separation of a complex mixture. The applicability of the computer results under variable experimental conditions has also been investigated

A Brief Note on the Approach to the Conic Sections of a Right Circular Cone from Dynamic Geometry

Nowadays there are different powerful 3D dynamic geometry systems (DGS) such as GeoGebra 5, Calques 3D and Cabri Geometry 3D. An obvious application of this software that has been addressed by several authors is obtaining the conic sections of a right circular cone: the dynamic capabilities of 3D DGS allows to slowly vary the angle of the plane w.r.t. the axis of the cone, thus obtaining the different types of conics. In all the approaches we have found, a cone is firstly constructed and it is cut through variable planes. We propose to perform the construction the other way round: the plane is fixed (in fact it is a very convenient plane: z = 0) and the cone is the moving object. This way the conic is expressed as a function of x and y (instead of as a function of x, y and z). Moreover, if the 3D DGS has algebraic capabilities, it is possible to obtain the implicitequation of the conic

Mixed columns made to order in gas chromatography. IV. Isothermal selective separation of alcoholic and acetic fermentation products

The FORTRAN program described In Part I of this series has been modified so that it may either find the best combined phases made up from two, three, or four simple phases, for the isothermal separation of all the solutes contained in a mixture, or else it may find the best combined phases for the separation of only a group of selected mixture components. The program has been applied to the separation by direct injection of the 20 more important components (b.p. up to 145°C) found in alcoholic and acetic fermentation samples. A couple of mixed bed columns have been found that achieve the separation of the 20 components plus four proposed internal standards In samples containing up to 40% ethanol. Comparison with other analytical procedures found in the literature shows that the couple of columns found by the computer represents the best choice for the detection and quantitative determination of volatile components of wine and distillates, as well as cognac, brandy, rum, whisky, beer, and vinegar. Chromatograms showing the capabilities of the two columns are included

Radar interferometry techniques for the study of ground subsidence phenomena: A review of practical issues through cases in Spain

Subsidence related to multiple natural and human-induced processes affects an increasing number of areas worldwide. Although this phenomenon may involve surface deformation with 3D displacement components, negative vertical movement, either progressive or episodic, tends to dominate. Over the last decades, differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) has become a very useful remote sensing tool for accurately measuring the spatial and temporal evolution of surface displacements over broad areas. This work discusses the main advantages and limitations of addressing active subsidence phenomena by means of DInSAR techniques from an end-user point of view. Special attention is paid to the spatial and temporal resolution, the precision of the measurements, and the usefulness of the data. The presented analysis is focused on DInSAR results exploitation of various ground subsidence phenomena (groundwater withdrawal, soil compaction, mining subsidence, evaporite dissolution subsidence, and volcanic deformation) with different displacement patterns in a selection of subsidence areas in Spain. Finally, a cost comparative study is performed for the different techniques applied.Peer Reviewe