The chaotic solar cycle II. Analysis of cosmogenic 10Be data

Context. The variations of solar activity over long time intervals using a solar activity reconstruction based on the cosmogenic radionuclide 10Be measured in polar ice cores are studied. Methods. By applying methods of nonlinear dynamics, the solar activity cycle is studied using solar activity proxies that have been reaching into the past for over 9300 years. The complexity of the system is expressed by several parameters of nonlinear dynamics, such as embedding dimension or false nearest neighbors, and the method of delay coordinates is applied to the time series. We also fit a damped random walk model, which accurately describes the variability of quasars, to the solar 10Be data and investigate the corresponding power spectral distribution. The periods in the data series were searched by the Fourier and wavelet analyses. The solar activity on the long-term scale is found to be on the edge of chaotic behavior. This can explain the observed intermittent period of longer lasting solar activity minima. Filtering the data by eliminating variations below a certain period (the periods of 380 yr and 57 yr were used) yields a far more regular behavior of solar activity. A comparison between the results for the 10Be data with the 14C data shows many similarities. Both cosmogenic isotopes are strongly correlated mutually and with solar activity. Finally, we find that a series of damped random walk models provides a good fit to the 10Be data with a fixed characteristic time scale of 1000 years, which is roughly consistent with the quasi-periods found by the Fourier and wavelet analyses.Comment: 8 pages, 11 figure

Energetic particle influence on the Earth's atmosphere

This manuscript gives an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the effects of energetic particle precipitation (EPP) onto the whole atmosphere, from the lower thermosphere/mesosphere through the stratosphere and troposphere, to the surface. The paper summarizes the different sources and energies of particles, principally galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), solar energetic particles (SEPs) and energetic electron precipitation (EEP). All the proposed mechanisms by which EPP can affect the atmosphere are discussed, including chemical changes in the upper atmosphere and lower thermosphere, chemistry-dynamics feedbacks, the global electric circuit and cloud formation. The role of energetic particles in Earth’s atmosphere is a multi-disciplinary problem that requires expertise from a range of scientific backgrounds. To assist with this synergy, summary tables are provided, which are intended to evaluate the level of current knowledge of the effects of energetic particles on processes in the entire atmosphere

Sudden cosmic ray decreases: No change of global cloud cover

Currently a cosmic ray cloud connection (CRC) hypothesis is subject of an intense controversial debate. It postulates that galactic cosmic rays (GCR) intruding the Earth's atmosphere influence cloud cover. If correct it would have important consequences for our understanding of climate driving processes. Here we report on an alternative and stringent test of the CRC-hypothesis by searching for a possible influence of sudden GCR decreases (so-called Forbush decreases) on clouds. We find no response of global cloud cover to Forbush decreases at any altitude and latitude

Supramolecular Hexagon and Chain Coordination Polymer Containing the MoO22+ Core: Structural Transformation in the SolidState

The reaction of [MoO2(acac)2] (where acac = acetylacetonate ligand) with the salicylaldehyde isonicotinyl hydrazonate ligand (SIH2 12) yielded a zigzag chain polymer [MoO2(SIH)]n (1), an interwoven hexagon [MoO2(SIH)]6 (2), or the mononuclear complexes [MoO2(SIH)(C2H5OH)] (3EtOH) and [MoO2(SIH)(C3H7OH)] (3PrOH). Diversity in the formation of dioxomolybdenum(VI) compounds illustrates their sensitivity to the reaction conditions. Crystal and molecular structures of all of the investigated molybdenum(VI) compounds were determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction method. Solid-state reactions lead to the transformation of the supramolecular hexagon or the mononuclear complexes into the chain coordination polymer. These thermally induced conversions were characterized by the X-ray powder diffraction method. All of the investigated compounds were further characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analyses, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and NMR spectroscopy