End-effects of strongly charged polyelectrolytes - a molecular dynamics study

We investigate end-effects in the ion distribution around strongly charged, flexible polyelectrolytes with a quenched charge distribution by molecular dynamics simulations of dilute polyelectrolyte solutions. We take the counterions explicitly into account and calculate the full Coulomb interaction via an Ewald summation method. We find that the free counterions of the solution are distributed in such a way that a fraction of the chain charges is effectively neutralized. This in turn leads to an effective charge distribution which is similar to those found for weakly charged titrating polyelectrolytes that have an annealed charge distribution. The delicate interplay between the electrostatic interactions, the chain conformation and the counterion distribution is studied in detail as a function of different system parameters such as the chain length Nm, the charge fraction f, the charged particle density rho, the ionic strength and the solvent quality. Comparisons are made with predictions from a scaling theory.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures. J. Chem. Phys, to appear June 200

Comparison between S. T. radar and in situ balloon measurements

A campaign for simultaneous in situ and remote observation of both troposphere and stratosphere took place near Aire-sur-l'Adour (in southeastern France) on May 4, 1984. The aim of this campaign was a better understanding of the physics of radar echoes. The backscattered signal obtained with a stratosphere-troposphere radar both at the vertical and 15 deg. off vertical is compared with the velocity and temperature measurements made in the same region (about 10 km north of the radar site) by balloon-borne ionic anenometers and temperature sensors. In situ measurements clearly indicate that the temperature fluctuations are not always consistent with the standard turbulent theory. Nevertheless, the assumptions generally made (isotropy and turbulent field in k) and the classical formulation so derived for radar reflectivity are able to reproduce the shape of the radar return power profiles in oblique directions. Another significant result is the confirmation of the role played by the atmospheric stratification in the vertical echo power. It is important to develop these simultaneous in situ and remote experiments for a better description of the dynamical and thermal structure of the atmosphere and for a better understanding of the mechanisms governing clear-air radar reflectivity

Search for high-frequency periodicities in time-tagged event data from gamma ray bursts and soft gamma repeaters

We analyze the Time-Tagged Event (TTE) data from observations of gamma ray bursts (GRBs) and soft gamma repeaters (SGRs) by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE). These data provide the best available time resolution for GRBs and SGRs. We have performed an extensive search for weak periodic signals in the frequency range 400 Hz to 2500 Hz using the burst records for 2203 GRBs and 152 SGR flares. The study employs the Rayleigh power as a test statistic to evaluate the evidence for periodic emissions. We find no evidence of periodic emissions from these events at these frequencies. In all but a very few cases the maximum power values obtained are consistent with what would be expected by chance from a non-periodic signal. In those few instances where there is marginal evidence for periodicity there are problems with the data that cast doubt on the reality of the signal. For classical GRBs, the largest Rayleigh power occurs in bursts whose TTE data appear to be corrupted. For SGRs, our largest Rayleigh power, with a significance of 1%, occurs in one record for SGR 1900+14 (at 2497 Hz), and in no other outbursts associated with this source; we thus consider it unlikely to represent detection of a real periodicity. From simulations, we deduce that the Rayleigh test would have detected significant oscillations with relative amplitude ~10% about half the time. Thus, we conclude that high frequency oscillations, if present, must have small relative amplitudes.Comment: 22 pages, 7 figures, submitted to Ap

Probabilistic methods for drug dissolution. Part 2. Modelling a soluble binary drug delivery system dissolving in vitro.

The objective of this work is to use direct Monte Carlo techniques in simulating drug delivery from compacts of complex composition, taking into consideration the special features of the in vitro dissolution environment. The paper focuses on simulating a binary system, consisting of poorly soluble drug, dispersed in a matrix of highly soluble acid excipient. At dissolution, the acid excipient develops certain mechanisms, based on local pH modifications of the medium, which strongly influence drug release. Our model directly accounts for such effects as local interactions of the dissolving components, development of wall roughness at the solid–liquid interface, moving concentration boundary layer and mass transport by advection. Results agree with experimental data and have demonstrated that when modelling dissolution in vitro, special attention must be paid to including the particular conditions of the dissolution environment

Probabilistic models for drug dissolution. Part 1. Review of Monte Carlo and stochastic cellular automata approaches.

Throughout the last decades, Monte Carlo (MC) techniques have been used in simulating various complex systems. In this paper, we investigate how MC-based methods are used in the field of Drug Delivery, indicating what aspects of the complex problems of drug dissolution and design can benefit from this particular approach. After introducing the area of modelling drug dissolution, with its different features and needs, we report and examine the existing Direct MC and Stochastic Cellular Automata modelling efforts used to simulate dissolution of pharmaceutical compacts or related phenomena. In Part 2, we enlarge on a description of our work on Direct MC, for the particular case of simulating a binary system consisting of poorly soluble drug dispersed in a matrix of highly-soluble acid excipient

Energy Management in a Cooperative Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network

In this paper, we consider the problem of finding an optimal energy management policy for a network of sensor nodes capable of harvesting their own energy and sharing it with other nodes in the network. We formulate this problem in the discounted cost Markov decision process framework and obtain good energy-sharing policies using the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm. Earlier works have attempted to obtain the optimal energy allocation policy for a single sensor and for multiple sensors arranged on a mote with a single centralized energy buffer. Our algorithms, on the other hand, provide optimal policies for a distributed network of sensors individually harvesting energy and capable of sharing energy amongst themselves. Through simulations, we illustrate that the policies obtained by our DDPG algorithm using this enhanced network model outperform algorithms that do not share energy or use a centralized energy buffer in the distributed multi-nodal case.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure

Interactions between prostaglandins, leukotrienes and HIV-1: Possible implications for the central nervous system

In HIV-1-infected individuals, there is often discordance between viremia in peripheral blood and viral load found in the central nervous system (CNS). Although the viral burden is often lower in the CNS compartment than in the plasma, neuroinflammation is present in most infected individuals, albeit attenuated by the current combined antiretroviral therapy. The HIV-1-associated neurological complications are thought to result not only from direct viral replication, but also from the subsequent neuroinflammatory processes. The eicosanoids - prostanoids and leukotrienes - are known as potent inflammatory lipid mediators. They are often present in neuroinflammatory diseases, notably HIV-1 infection. Their exact modulatory role in HIV-1 infection is, however, still poorly understood, especially in the CNS compartment. Nonetheless, a handful of studies have provided evidence as to how these lipid mediators can modulate HIV-1 infection. This review summarizes findings indicating how eicosanoids may influence the progression of neuroAIDS

Probabilistic models for dissolution of ethylcellulose coated microspheres

In the last few decades, a number of probabilistic models for drug delivery have been developed. Of particular interest are those that model controlled release systems to provide targeted dose delivery. Controlled release is achieved by using polymers with dierent dissolution characteristics. We present here a model based on Monte Carlo and Cellular Automata approaches, for simulating drug release from coated microspheres in the gastro-intestinal tract. Controlled release is obtained using ethylcellulose as the coating polymer. Modelling features, such as the drug and coating dissolution are nontrivial, since material is non-homogenously dispersed and the dissolution exhibits complex behaviour. Important underlying mechanisms of the process, such as erosion, are described here

Continuous 3-year outdoor operation of a flat-panel membrane photobioreactor to treat effluent from an anaerobic membrane bioreactor

A membrane photobioreactor (MPBR) plant was operated continuously for 3 years to evaluate the separate effects of different factors, including: biomass and hydraulic retention times (BRT, HRT), light path (Lp), nitrification rate (NOxR) and nutrient loading rates (NLR, PLR). The overall effect of all these parameters, which influence MPBR performance had not previously been assessed. The multivariate projection approach chosen for this study provided a good description of the collected data and facilitated their visualization and interpretation. Forty variables used to control and assess MPBR performance were evaluated during three years of continuous outdoor operation by means of principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The PCA identified the photobioreactor light path as the factor with the largest influence on data variability. Other important factors were: air flow rate (Fair), nitrogen and phosphorus recovery rates (NRR, PRR), biomass productivity (BP),optical density at 680 nm (OD680), ammonium and phosphorus effluent concentration (NH4, P), HRT, BRT, and nitrogen and phosphorus loading rates (NLR and PLR). The MPBR performance could be adequately estimated by a PLS model based on all the recorded variables, but this estimation worsened appreciably when only the controllable variables (Lp, Fair, HRT and BRT) were used as predictors, which underlines the importance of the non-controlled variables on MPBR performance. The microalgae cultivation process could thus only be partially controlled by the design and operating variables. As effluent nitrate concentration was shown to be the key factor in the nitrification rate, it can be used as an indirect measurement of nitrifying bacteria activity. A high nitrification rate was found to be inadvisable, since it showed an inverse correlation with NRR. In this respect, temperature appeared to be the main ambient/controlling factor in nitrifying bacteria activity

Three precise gamma-ray burst source locations

The precise source regions of three moderately intense gamma ray bursts are derived. These events were observed with the first interplanetary burst sensor network. The optimum locations of the detectors, widely separated throughout the inner solar system, allowed for high accuracy, over-determined source fields of size 0.7 to 7.0 arc-min(2). All three locations are at fairly high galactic latitude in regions of low source confusion; none can be identified with a steady source object. Archived photographs were searched for optical transients that are able to be associated with these source fields; one such association was made