Systemic resistance in citrus to Tetranychus urticae induced by conspecifics is transmitted by grafting and mediated by mobile amino acids

Recent research suggests that systemic signalling and communication between roots and leaves plays an important role in plant defence against herbivores. In the present study, we show that the oviposition of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae in the systemic leaves of citrus rootstock Citrus aurantium (sour orange) was reduced by 50% when a lower leaf was previously infested with conspecifics. Metabolomic and gene expression analysis of the root efflux revealed a strong accumulation of glutamic acid (Glu) that triggered the expression of the citrus putative glutamate receptor (GRL) in the shoots. Additionally, uninfested sour orange systemic leaves showed increased expression of glutamate receptors and higher amounts of jasmonic acid (JA) and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid in plants that were previously infested. Glu perception in the shoots induced the JA pathway, which primed LOX-2 gene expression when citrus plants were exposed to a second infestation. The spider mite-susceptible citrus rootstock Cleopatra mandarin (C. unshiu) also expressed systemic resistance, although the resistance was less effective than the resistance in sour orange. Surprisingly, the mobile signal in Cleopatra mandarin was not Glu, which suggests a strong genotype-dependency for systemic signalling in citrus. When the cultivar Clemenules (C. clementina) was grafted onto sour orange, there was a reduction in symptomatic leaves and T. urticae populations compared to the same cultivar grafted onto Cleopatra mandarin. Thus, systemic resistance is transmitted from the roots to the shoots in citrus and is dependent on rootstock resistance

Synthesis of Combretastatin A-4 and 3 0 -Aminocombretastatin A-4 derivatives with Aminoacid Containing Pendants and Study of their Interaction with Tubulin and as Downregulators of the VEGF, hTERT and c-Myc Gene Expression

Natural product combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) and its nitrogenated analogue 3 0 -aminocombretastatin A-4 (AmCA-4) have shown promising antitumor activities. In this study, a range of CA-4 and AmCA-4 derivatives containing amino acid pendants have been synthesized in order to compare their biological actions with those of their parent compounds. Thus, inhibition of cell proliferation on tumor cell lines HT-29, MCF-7 and A-549, as well as on the nontumor cell line HEK-273; in vitro tubulin polymerization; mitotic cell arrest; action on the microtubule cell network and inhibition of VEGF, hTERT, and c-Myc genes have been evaluated. Some AmCA-4 derivatives bearing L-amino acids exhibited inhibition of cell proliferation at low nanomolar levels exceeding the values shown by AmCA-4. Furthermore, while CA-4 and AmCA-4 derivatives do not show significant effects on the in vitro tubulin polymerization and cell cycle arrest, some selected CA-4 and AmCA-4 derivatives are able to cause total depolymerization of the microtubule network on A-549 cells. The best results were obtained in the inhibition of gene expression, particularly on the VEGF gene, in which some AmCA-4 derivatives greatly exceeded the inhibition values achieved by the parent compound

Artritis reumatoide canina : a propósito de un caso

En el presente trabajo se analiza un caso de artritis reumatoide canina, mostrando las diferentes pruebas efectuadas para su diagnóstico, los tratamientos utilizados y los resultados obtenidos tras la aplicación de los mismos. En todas las 'revisiones, se realizaban de forma sistemática estudios radiográficos de las articulaciones afectadas, análisis sanguíneo que incluía la realización del proteinograma y estudio del líquido sinovial, lo que permitió seguir puntualmente la evolución del proceso. Tras el sacrificio del animal se efectuaron los exámenes anatomopatológicos de las articulaciones lesionadas, confirmando el diagnóstico clínico previo de artritis reumatoide canina.The present study shows a case of canine rheumatoid arhritis. Different systems of diagnosis carried out, treatment applied, and results at short and lonq-term are reviewed. In every re-examination a complete hemogram, including proteinogram, and a synovial fluid analysis were carried out, moreover radiographs of affected joints were taken. This systematic procedure allows us to know the evolution after every treatment. After patient euthanasia, pathologic lesions of affected joints were analyzed and the clinic diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis was corroborated

Desarrollo de una Escala de valoración radiológica del grado de Osteoartrosis para las articulaciones de la rodilla y el codo en el perro. ESCALA "BIOARTH"

La Escala Biorth es una herramienta práctica para el veterinario clínico que sirve para cuantificar los signos radiol'goicos de osteoartrosis en las articulaciones de la rodilla y el codo canino, y de esta manera

Linearization of CIF Through SOS

Linearization is the procedure of rewriting a process term into a linear form, which consist only of basic operators of the process language. This procedure is interesting both from a theoretical and a practical point of view. In particular, a linearization algorithm is needed for the Compositional Interchange Format (CIF), an automaton based modeling language. The problem of devising efficient linearization algorithms is not trivial, and has been already addressed in literature. However, the linearization algorithms obtained are the result of an inventive process, and the proof of correctness comes as an afterthought. Furthermore, the semantic specification of the language does not play an important role on the design of the algorithm. In this work we present a method for obtaining an efficient linearization algorithm, through a step-wise refinement of the SOS rules of CIF. As a result, we show how the semantic specification of the language can guide the implementation of such a procedure, yielding a simple proof of correctness.Comment: In Proceedings EXPRESS 2011, arXiv:1108.407

Bloqueo atrioventricular completo en un perro : tratamiento mediante la implantación de un marcapasos endovenosos permanente

Una perra Labrador Retriever presentaba una historia de síncopes, fatiga e intolerancia al ejercicio debida a un bloqueo atrioventricular completo. Debido a que no respondía a la terapia médica (terbutalina, teofilina y posteriormente atropina), fue remitida al Hospital Clínico Veterinario de la Universidad de Murcia con el fin de considerar la implantación de un marcapasos. Las radiografías de tórax mostraron aumento global de la silueta cardiaca y la ecocardiografía puso de manifiesto, además, ligera regurgitación de válvulasatrioventriculares. Se le implantó un marcapasos endovenoso permanente unipolar con modo VVI bajo anestesia general, guiando el cable hacia el ventrículo derecho mediante fluoroscopia con amplificador de imagen. Ocho meses después de la implantación, no se han producido complicaciones y el marcapasos funciona según los parámetros programados.