Estudio de la concentración diaria de las precipitaciones en observatorios de clima oceánico, mediterráneo y continental de Europa

En el presente trabajo se analizan las precipitaciones en nueve observatorios del continente europeo a partir de las series de datos diarios pertenecientes al periodo 1971-2015 (45 años). El tratamiento de estos datos se ha enfocado a cuantificar el grado de concentración diaria en los valores promedio mensuales y anuales, así como en detectar si existen variaciones entre momentos del año, y entre regiones climáticas. Se concluye el estudio realizando un análisis de tendencias con la finalidad de conocer si se han dado o no cambios significativos en las precipitaciones más voluminosas dentro del periodo analizado

SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE SPANISH INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY

EMODNet High Resolution Seabed MappingEMODNET-HRS

Factores predictores de hipertrigliceridemia en pacientes hospitalizados con nutrición parenteral total

Introducción:la nutrición parenteral total (NPT) es una modalidad de soporte nutricional indicada en aquellas situaciones donde el enfermo no puede cubrir sus requerimientos nutricionales por vía enteral. A pesar de ser una terapia segura y efi caz, no está exenta de complicaciones, entre las que cabe destacar, por su frecuencia, la hipertrigliceridemia. La etiología de esta complicación metabólica es compleja y multifactorial. Objetivos: el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de hipertrigliceridemia en pacientes adultos hospitalizados no críticos que reciben NPT a corto plazo y evaluar el efecto que una emulsión lipídica enriquecida en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 ejerce sobre esta complicación metabólica. Material y métodos: estudio observacional retrospectivo de cohortes donde se ha incluido a pacientes hospitalizados adultos no críticos que precisaron NPT durante un periodo superior a siete días. Se consideró la presencia de hipertrigliceridemia cuando los niveles plasmáticos de triglicéridos fueron superiores a 200 mg/dl. Las emulsiones lipídicas empleadas fueron una mezcla al 50% de triglicéridos de cadena larga (LCT) y de cadena media (MCT) o una combinación al 40% LCT/50% MCT/10% omega-3. Se recogieron variables clínicas, nutricionales y bioquímicas. Las determinaciones analíticas se realizaron antes del comienzo de la NPT y semanalmente hasta su retirada. Los factores predictores de la aparición de hipertrigliceridemia fueron identifi cados mediante modelos de regresión logística multivariante. Resultados: fueron incluidos 101 pacientes (61, 4% varones), de los cuales el 33% desarrolló hipertrigliceridemia. En el análisis multivariante los factores de riesgo independientes asociados a la presencia de hipertrigliceridemia fueron los niveles plasmáticos iniciales de triglicéridos, el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y un aporte de glucosa en la NPT superior a 3, 1 g/kg/día. La infusión de una emulsión lipídica enriquecida con ácidos grasos omega-3 se asoció con un descenso no signifi cativo del riesgo de aparición de hipertrigliceridemia. Conclusión: la situación clínica metabólica del paciente y la dosis de hidratos de carbono en la NPT resultan fundamentales en el desarrollo de la hipertrigliceridemia relacionada con la NPT. La administración de una emulsión lipídica enriquecida en ácidos grasos omega-3 es segura, aunque no se asoció a un efecto protector signifi cativo sobre el riesgo de aparición de esta complicación metabólica. Introduction: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a kind of nutritional support indicated for patients whose clinical situation makes it impossible to cover their nutritional requirements enterally. Despite the fact that TPN is a safe and effective therapy, some complications have been described. One of the most frequent is hypertriglyceridemia. The etiology of this metabolic complication is complex and multifactorial. Objetive: The aim of this work was to determine risk factors associated with the development of hypertrilgyceridemia in adult inhospital non critical patients who carry TPN for a short term. A secondary aim was to evaluate the effect that a lipid emulsion fortified with omega-3 poliunsaturated fatty acids causes on this metabolic complication. Material and methods: This is an observational retrospective cohort study, in which adult inhospital non critical patients have been included. Only those who needed TPN during more than seven days were included. Hypertriglyceridemia was defined as plasma triglycerides levels higher than 200 mg/dl. The lipid emulsions were composed whether by a combination of 50% long-chain (LCT) and medium-chain (MCT) triglycerides or 40% LCT/50% MCT/10% omega-3. Clinical, nutritonal and biochemical parameters were included. Analitical samples were obtained before starting TPN, and weekly until withdrawal. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictive factors of the appearance of hypertriglyceridemia. Results: One hundred and one patients were included (61.4% male). Thirty-three per cent of them developed hypertriglyceridemia. In the multivariate analysis the independent risk factors associated with the presence of hypertriglyceridemia were the initial plasmatic triglycerides levels, the body mass index (BMI) and an input of glucose in the TPN higher than 3.1 g/kg/day. The infusion of a lipid emulsion fortified with 3-omega fatty acids was associated with a nonsignificant reduction of the risk of appearance of hypertriglyceridemia. Conclusion: The patient’s clinical metabolic situation, as well as the load of carbohydrates in the TPN are essential for the development of the TPN-associated hypertriglyceridemia. The administration of a lipid emulsion fortified with omega-3 fatty acids is safe, even though it was not associated with a significant protective effect over the risk of appearance of this metabolic complication

Short-term effectiveness of a mobile phone app for increasing physical activity and adherence to the mediterranean diet in primary care: A randomized controlled trial (EVIDENT II study)

Background: The use of mobile phone apps for improving lifestyles has become generalized in the population, although little is still known about their effectiveness in improving health. Objective: We evaluate the effect of adding an app to standard counseling on increased physical activity (PA) and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, 3 months after implementation. Methods: A randomized, multicenter clinical trial was carried out. A total of 833 participants were recruited in six primary care centers in Spain through random sampling: 415 in the app+counseling group and 418 in the counseling only group. Counseling on PA and the Mediterranean diet was given to both groups. The app+counseling participants additionally received training in the use of an app designed to promote PA and the Mediterranean diet over a 3-month period. PA was measured with the 7-day Physical Activity Recall (PAR) questionnaire and an accelerometer; adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed using the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener questionnaire. Results: Participants were predominantly female in both the app+counseling (249/415, 60.0%) and counseling only (268/418, 64.1%) groups, with a mean age of 51.4 (SD 12.1) and 52.3 (SD 12.0) years, respectively. Leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) by 7-day PAR increased in the app+counseling (mean 29, 95% CI 5-53 min/week; P=.02) but not in the counseling only group (mean 17.4, 95% CI ''18 to 53 min/week; P=.38). No differences in increase of activity were found between the two groups. The accelerometer recorded a decrease in PA after 3 months in both groups: MVPA mean ''55.3 (95% CI ''75.8 to ''34.9) min/week in app+counseling group and mean ''30.1 (95% CI ''51.8 to ''8.4) min/week in counseling only group. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet increased in both groups (8.4% in app+counseling and 10.4% in counseling only group), with an increase in score of 0.42 and 0.53 points, respectively (P<.001), but no difference between groups (P=.86). Conclusions: Leisure-time MVPA increased more in the app+counseling than counseling only group, although no difference was found when comparing the increase between the two groups. Counseling accompanied by printed materials appears to be effective in improving adherence to the Mediterranean diet, although the app does not increase adherence

Conceptual design of a functional electrical stimulation cycling platform as a rehabilitation therapy for spinal cord injury or stroke

Stroke and spinal cord injuries (SCI) are leading causes of disability worldwide, involving problems in mobility, balance and coordination, among others. While aerobic exercise is associated with a greater plasticity in the motor cortex of healthy individuals, its effect on neuroplasticity after suffer- ing a stroke or a SCI is still unknown. Besides, there is no methodology to promote both cardiovascular and neuroplastic recovery in patients suffering from neurological injuries. Up to now, it has been demonstrated that physical exercise is a therapeutic intervention in many rehabilitation programs that, apart from providing clear benefits related to the phys- ical conditioning, functionality, mood and cardiovascular health, it could also promote neuroplasticity. The literature suggests that stronger neuroplastic responses are elicited in mid-to-high intensity training programs, but the lack of homogeneity in the dose-response and the non-uniform eval- uations of the neuroplasticity seem to be a limitation to gen- eralise the obtained results. The combination of functional electrical stimulation (FES) with the benefits of cardiovas- cular exercise makes cycling assisted by FES a promising approach to target both the aerobic capacity and the neu- romotor function. The objective of this project is to prove that aerobic exercise during personalized FES-cycling could contribute to enhance the process of neuroplasticity, and to maintain locomotor and cardiovascular function in patients with stroke or spinal cord injury.This work is partially developed within the Research Network FUSION “Red Tem´atica Sobre Fusi´on de Tec- nolog´ıas Rob´oticas y Estimulaci´on El´ectrica Neuro- muscular para Neurorrehabilitaci´on de Trastornos del Movimiento”, grant by Agencia Estatal de Investigaci´on (RED2022-134319-T)

Impact of HIV infection on sustained virological response to treatment against hepatitis C virus with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin

[Abstract] It is commonly accepted that human immunodeficiency (HIV) coinfection negatively impacts on the rates of sustained virological response (SVR) to therapy with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin (PR). However, this hypothesis is derived from comparing different studies. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of HIV coinfection on SVR to PR in one single population. In a multicentric, prospective study conducted between 2000 and 2013, all previously naïve hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients who started PR in five Spanish hospitals were analyzed. SVR was evaluated 24 weeks after the scheduled end of therapy. Of the 1046 patients included in this study, 413 (39 %) were coinfected with HIV. Three hundred and forty-one (54 %) HCV-monoinfected versus 174 (42 %) HIV/HCV-coinfected patients achieved SVR (p < 0.001). The corresponding figures for undetectable HCV RNA at treatment week 4 were 86/181 (47 %) versus 59/197 (30 %), p < 0.001. SVR was observed in 149 (69 %) HCV genotype 2/3-monoinfected subjects versus 91 (68 %) HIV/HCV genotype 2/3-coinfected subjects (p = 0.785). In the HCV genotype 1/4-infected population, 188 (46 %) monoinfected patients versus 82 (30 %) with HIV coinfection (p < 0.001) achieved SVR. In this subgroup, absence of HIV coinfection was independently associated with higher SVR [adjusted odds ratio (95 % confidence interval): 2.127 (1.135–3.988); p = 0.019] in a multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, baseline HCV RNA load, IL28B genotype, fibrosis stage, and type of pegylated interferon. HIV coinfection impacts on the rates of SVR to PR only in HCV genotype 1/4-infected patients, while it has no effect on SVR in the HCV genotype 2/3-infected subpopulation.Instituto de Salud Carlos III; ISCIII-RETIC RD06/006Instituto de Salud Carlos III; ISCIII-RETIC RD12/0017Andalucía. Junta; PI-0492/2012Andalucía. Junta; AC-0095-201

Multicentric study on malignant pleural mesothelioma and non-occupational exposure to asbestos

Insufficient evidence exists on the risk of pleural mesothelioma from non-occupational exposure to asbestos. A population-based case–control study was carried out in six areas from Italy, Spain and Switzerland. Information was collected for 215 new histologically confirmed cases and 448 controls. A panel of industrial hygienists assessed asbestos exposure separately for occupational, domestic and environmental sources. Classification of domestic and environmental exposure was based on a complete residential history, presence and use of asbestos at home, asbestos industrial activities in the surrounding area, and their distance from the dwelling. In 53 cases and 232 controls without evidence of occupational exposure to asbestos, moderate or high probability of domestic exposure was associated with an increased risk adjusted by age and sex: odds ratio (OR) 4.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8–13.1. This corresponds to three situations: cleaning asbestos-contaminated clothes, handling asbestos material and presence of asbestos material susceptible to damage. The estimated OR for high probability of environmental exposure (living within 2000 m of asbestos mines, asbestos cement plants, asbestos textiles, shipyards, or brakes factories) was 11.5 (95% CI 3.5–38.2). Living between 2000 and 5000 m from asbestos industries or within 500 m of industries using asbestos could also be associated with an increased risk. A dose–response pattern appeared with intensity of both sources of exposure. It is suggested that low-dose exposure to asbestos at home or in the general environment carries a measurable risk of malignant pleural mesothelioma. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaig

Dissecting the long-term emission behaviour of the BL Lac object Mrk 421

We report on long-term multiwavelengthmonitoring of blazar Mrk 421 by the GLAST-AGILE Support Program of the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (GASP-WEBT) collaboration and Steward Observatory, and by the Swift and Fermi satellites. We study the source behaviour in the period 2007–2015, characterized by several extreme flares. The ratio between the optical, X-ray and γ -ray fluxes is very variable. The γ -ray flux variations show a fair correlation with the optical ones starting from 2012.We analyse spectropolarimetric data and find wavelengthdependence of the polarization degree (P), which is compatible with the presence of the host galaxy, and no wavelength dependence of the electric vector polarization angle (EVPA). Optical polarimetry shows a lack of simple correlation between P and flux and wide rotations of the EVPA.We build broad-band spectral energy distributions with simultaneous near-infrared and optical data from the GASP-WEBT and ultraviolet and X-ray data from the Swift satellite. They show strong variability in both flux and X-ray spectral shape and suggest a shift of the synchrotron peak up to a factor of ∼50 in frequency. The interpretation of the flux and spectral variability is compatible with jet models including at least two emitting regions that can change their orientation with respect to the line of sight.http://10.0.4.69/mnras/stx2185Accepted manuscrip

Gobernanza y gestión del agua en el Occidente de México: la metrópoli de Guadalajara

La disponibilidad de agua como tal no es el problema más importante en la gestión del agua. La incertidumbre se sitúa en la capacidad para implementar sistemas de control, distribución y acceso al agua de una forma equitativa. Garantizar el acceso de agua potable a toda la población no es un problema financiero sino político, un asunto de prioridad .Ahora disponemos de un vasto conocimiento y herramientas aplicables en el campo de la hidrología, biotecnología e ingeniería del agua, pero nuestro entendimiento sobre procesos socioeconómicos, culturales y políticos involucrados en la gestión del agua, sigue siendo limitado. En este libro, desde diferentes ángulos, se analizan formas de gestión del agua, escenarios de gobernanza, conflictos sociales y soluciones de carácter sociopolítico y técnico encaminadas a un manejo más sustentable del agua con posibilidades de ser apropiado socialmente. La obra tiene un fuerte componente con tintes de ecología política alrededor de los conflictos por el agua en la metrópoli de Guadalajara y la cuenca Lerma–Chapala–Santiago, sobre todo en aquellos casos donde coinciden situaciones de deterioro ambiental y formas inadecuadas de desarrollo urbano. En las alternativas que se analizan y proponen, se descubre una rica diversidad que encabezan organizaciones sociales, ciudadanos, actores sociopolíticos, universidades e instituciones con diferentes niveles de impacto, vinculación y trayectorias. Se distinguen escalas y formas de gobernanza del agua a nivel de cuenca, zona metropolitana de Guadalajara, municipios y sistemas hidrográficos (microcuencas y sistemas de abastecimiento), además de revisar estilos de desarrollo urbano asociados al manejo del agua con una perspectiva de análisis y de propuesta.ITESO, A.C

X-Ray Polarization Observations of BL Lacertae

Full list of authors: Middei, Riccardo; Liodakis, Ioannis; Perri, Matteo; Puccetti, Simonetta; Cavazzuti, Elisabetta; Di Gesu, Laura; Ehlert, Steven R.; Madejski, Grzegorz; Marscher, Alan P.; Marshall, Herman L.; Muleri, Fabio; Negro, Michela; Jorstad, Svetlana G.; Agis-Gonzalez, Beatriz; Agudo, Ivan; Bonnoli, Giacomo; Bernardos, Maria, I; Casanova, Victor; Garcia-Comas, Maya; Husillos, Cesar; Marchini, Alessandro; Sota, Alfredo; Kouch, Pouya M.; Lindfors, Elina; Borman, George A.; Kopatskaya, Evgenia N.; Larionova, Elena G.; Morozova, Daria A.; Savchenko, Sergey S.; Vasilyev, Andrey A.; Zhovtan, Alexey, V; Casadio, Carolina; Escudero, Juan; Myserlis, Ioannis; Hales, Antonio; Kameno, Seiji; Kneissl, Ruediger; Messias, Hugo; Nagai, Hiroshi; Blinov, Dmitry; Bourbah, Ioakeim G.; Kiehlmann, Sebastian; Kontopodis, Evangelos; Mandarakas, Nikos; Romanopoulos, Stylianos; Skalidis, Raphael; Vervelaki, Anna; Masiero, Joseph R.; Mawet, Dimitri; Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A.; Panopoulou, Georgia, V; Tinyanont, Samaporn; Berdyugin, Andrei, V; Kagitani, Masato; Kravtsov, Vadim; Sakanoi, Takeshi; Imazawa, Ryo; Sasada, Mahito; Fukazawa, Yasushi; Kawabata, Koji S.; Uemura, Makoto; Mizuno, Tsunefumi; Nakaoka, Tatsuya; Akitaya, Hiroshi; Gurwell, Mark; Rao, Ramprasad; Di Lalla, Niccolo; Cibrario, Nicolo; Donnarumma, Immacolata; Kim, Dawoon E.; Omodei, Nicola; Pacciani, Luigi; Poutanen, Juri; Tavecchio, Fabrizio; Antonelli, Lucio A.; Bachetti, Matteo; Baldini, Luca; Baumgartner, Wayne H.; Bellazzini, Ronaldo; Bianchi, Stefano; Bongiorno, Stephen D.; Bonino, Raffaella; Brez, Alessandro; Bucciantini, Niccolo; Capitanio, Fiamma; Castellano, Simone; Ciprini, Stefano; Costa, Enrico; De Rosa, Alessandra; Del Monte, Ettore; Di Marco, Alessandro; Doroshenko, Victor; Dovciak, Michal; Enoto, Teruaki; Evangelista, Yuri; Fabiani, Sergio; Ferrazzoli, Riccardo; Garcia, Javier A.; Gunji, Shuichi; Hayashida, Kiyoshi; Heyl, Jeremy; Iwakiri, Wataru; Karas, Vladimir; Kitaguchi, Takao; Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J.; Krawczynski, Henric; La Monaca, Fabio; Latronico, Luca; Maldera, Simone; Manfreda, Alberto; Marin, Frederic; Marinucci, Andrea; Massaro, Francesco; Matt, Giorgio; Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki; Ng, C-Y; O'Dell, Stephen L.; Oppedisano, Chiara; Papitto, Alessandro; Pavlov, George G.; Peirson, Abel L.; Pesce-Rollins, Melissa; Petrucci, Pierre-Olivier; Pilia, Maura; Possenti, Andrea; Ramsey, Brian D.; Rankin, John; Ratheesh, Ajay; Romani, Roger W.; Sgro, Carmelo; Slane, Patrick; Soffitta, Paolo; Spandre, Gloria; Tamagawa, Toru; Taverna, Roberto; Tawara, Yuzuru; Tennant, Allyn F.; Thomas, Nicholas E.; Tombesi, Francesco; Trois, Alessio; Tsygankov, Sergey; Turolla, Roberto; Vink, Jacco; Weisskopf, Martin C.; Wu, Kinwah; Xie, Fei; Zane, Silvia.--This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Blazars are a class of jet-dominated active galactic nuclei with a typical double-humped spectral energy distribution. It is of common consensus that the synchrotron emission is responsible for the low frequency peak, while the origin of the high frequency hump is still debated. The analysis of X-rays and their polarization can provide a valuable tool to understand the physical mechanisms responsible for the origin of high-energy emission of blazars. We report the first observations of BL Lacertae (BL Lac) performed with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, from which an upper limit to the polarization degree ΠX < 12.6% was found in the 2–8 keV band. We contemporaneously measured the polarization in radio, infrared, and optical wavelengths. Our multiwavelength polarization analysis disfavors a significant contribution of proton-synchrotron radiation to the X-ray emission at these epochs. Instead, it supports a leptonic origin for the X-ray emission in BL Lac. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) is a joint US and Italian mission. The US contribution is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and led and managed by its Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), with industry partner Ball Aerospace (contract NNM15AA18C). The Italian contribution is supported by the Italian Space Agency (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, ASI) through contract ASI-OHBI-2017-12-I.0, agreements ASI-INAF-2017-12-H0 and ASI-INFN-2017.13-H0, and its Space Science Data Center (SSDC), and by the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) in Italy. This research used data products provided by the IXPE Team (MSFC, SSDC, INAF, and INFN) and distributed with additional software tools by the High-Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC), at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). We acknowledge financial support from ASI-INAF agreement n. 2022-14-HH.0. The research at Boston University was supported in part by National Science Foundation grant AST-2108622 and NASA Swift Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC22K0537. This research has made use of data from the RoboPol program, a collaboration between Caltech, the University of Crete, IA-FORTH, IUCAA, the MPIfR, and the Nicolaus Copernicus University, which was conducted at Skinakas Observatory in Crete, Greece. The IAA-CSIC coauthors acknowledge financial support from the Spanish "Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion" (MCINN) through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC (SEV-2017-0709). Acquisition and reduction of the POLAMI, TOP-MAPCAR, and OSN data was supported in part by MICINN through grants AYA2016-80889-P and PID2019-107847RB-C44. The POLAMI observations were carried out at the IRAM 30 m Telescope. IRAM is supported by INSU/CNRS (France), MPG (Germany), and IGN (Spain). This Letter makes use of the following ALMA director's discretionary time data under proposal ESO#2021.A.00016.T. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA), and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST, and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO, and NAOJ. Some of the data reported here are based on observations obtained at the Hale Telescope, Palomar Observatory as part of a continuing collaboration between the California Institute of Technology, NASA/JPL, Yale University, and the National Astronomical Observatories of China. This research made use of Photutils, an Astropy package for detection and photometry of astronomical sources (Bradley et al. 2019). G.V.P. acknowledges support by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant #HST-HF2-51444.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. The data in this study include observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, owned in collaboration by the University of Turku and Aarhus University, and operated jointly by Aarhus University, the University of Turku, and the University of Oslo, representing Denmark, Finland, and Norway, the University of Iceland and Stockholm University at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain, of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. The data presented here were obtained in part with ALFOSC, which is provided by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA) under a joint agreement with the University of Copenhagen and NOT. E.L. was supported by Academy of Finland projects 317636 and 320045. Part of the French contribution is supported by the Scientific Research National Center (CNRS) and the French Spatial Agency (CNES). Some of the data are based on observations collected at the Observatorio de Sierra Nevada, owned and operated by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC). Further data are based on observations collected at the Centro Astronómico Hispano-Alemán (CAHA), operated jointly by Junta de Andalucía and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC). D.B., S.K., R.S., and N. M. acknowledge support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 771282. C.C. acknowledges support by the European Research Council (ERC) under the HORIZON ERC Grants 2021 program under grant agreement No. 101040021. The Dipol-2 polarimeter was built in cooperation by the University of Turku, Finland, and the Leibniz Institut für Sonnenphysik, Germany, with support from the Leibniz Association grant SAW-2011-KIS-7. We are grateful to the Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, for the allocated observing time. A.H. acknowledges The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. This work was supported by JST, the establishment of university fellowships toward the creation of science technology innovation; grant No. JPMJFS2129. This work was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI grant Nos. JP21H01137. This work was also partially supported by Optical and Near-Infrared Astronomy Inter-University Cooperation Program from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan.With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2021-001131-S).Peer reviewe