Metabolic control and sex: A focus on inflammatory-linked mediators

Men and women have many differing biological and physiological characteristics. Thus, it is no surprise that the control of metabolic processes and the mechanisms underlying metabolic-related diseases have sex-specific components. There is a clear metabolic sexual dimorphism in that up until midlife, men have a far greater likelihood of acquiring cardio-metabolic disease than women. Following menopause, however, this difference is reduced, suggestive of a protective role of the female sex hormones. Inflammatory processes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardio-metabolic disease with human studies correlating metabolic disease acquisition or risk with levels of various inflammatory markers. Rodent studies employing genetic modifications or novel pharmacological approaches have provided mechanistic insight into the role of these inflammatory mediators. Sex differences impact inflammatory processes and the subsequent biological response. As a consequence, this may affect how inflammation alters metabolic processes between the sexes. Recently, some of our work in the field of inflammatory genes and metabolic control identified a sexual dimorphism in a preclinical model and caused us to question the frequency and scale of such findings in the literature. This review concentrates on inflammatory-related signalling in relation to obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes and highlights the differences observed between males and females. Differences in the activation and signalling of various inflammatory genes and proteins present another reason why studying both male and female patients or animals is important in the context of understanding and finding therapeutics for metabolic-related disease

Detection and quantification of lupus anticoagulants in plasma from heparin treated patients, using addition of polybrene

BACKGROUND: Lupus anticoagulants prolong clotting times in phospholipid-dependent coagulation tests. Lupus Ratio assays are integrated tests for lupus anticoagulants that may be based on APTT, RVVT or dPT clotting times. If a patient is being treated with unfractionated heparin, however, the heparin prolong clotting times and the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulant is invalidated. Commercial assays may have heparin neutralising agents added to their reagents. However, the type and efficacy of the heparin neutralisation is often not documented. We wanted to test the influence and efficacy of heparin neutralisers in the Lupus Ratio assay. METHODS: Several heparin neutralisers were tested, and polybrene was chosen for further testing. Unfractionated heparin and/or polybrene were added to normal plasma and to plasma from patients with or without lupus anticoagulant and clotting times compared before and after the additions. Lupus anticoagulant-positive patients were given 5000 IU i.v. of unfractionated heparin and plasma was collected just before and five minutes after the injection. Lupus Ratios were calculated after polybrene was added to the postinjection samples. RESULTS: The Lupus Ratio became slightly lower when polybrene was added to plasma without heparin. Plasma heparinised in vitro and plasma from patients that had received heparin, both had Lupus Ratios nearly identical to the Lupus Ratios calculated before any additions. CONCLUSION: By addition of polybrene to a final concentration of 7.9 μg/ml in test plasma, Lupus Ratio may be determined in lupus anticoagulant-negative as well as positive plasmas irrespective of the presence of heparin 0.0 – 1.3 U/ml

The interplay of sensemaking and material artefacts during interventions: A case study

This study focuses on the interplay of different aspects of organization during work environment interventions. Specifically how the interplay of collective sensemaking, and material artefacts influence an intervention. We analyze an organization-level psychosocial work environment intervention conducted in two postal areas in the Danish Postal service. It provides a case study of the dynamics of a work environment intervention by focusing on how the intervention affects the organization, how sensemaking and materiality in the organization interact during the intervention is implemented, and how the intervention in turn is affected by the materiality and sensemaking of the organization. The present study adds to the current literature by demonstrating the role of sensemaking and materiality in interventions. The paper ends with a discussion of the links between sensemaking and sociomaterial artifacts and what role they play during work environment interventions, suggesting that interventions needs to align with both to be successful

Putting context into organizational intervention design:Using tailored questionnaires to measure initiatives for worker well-being

Realistic evaluation emphasizes the importance of exploring the mechanisms through which organizational interventions are effected. A well-known mechanism in organizational interventions is the screening process. Standardized questionnaires, in popular use, neither consider individuals’ appraisals of working conditions nor the specific context of the workplace. Screening with items tailored to intervention contexts may overcome the limitations of standardized questionnaires. In the present study, we evaluate an approach to develop a tailored questionnaire to measure employees’ appraisals of their specific working conditions. First, we interviewed 56 employees and 17 managers and, later, developed tailored items focused on the working conditions in a postal service. In follow-up interviews, we explore participants’ experiences with the tailored questionnaire, including the development of initiatives, compared to their previous experiences with the company´s annual attitude survey that used standardized scales. Results indicated that participants felt the tailored questionnaire highlighted issues that had previously been ignored, that initiatives were easier to develop due to its specificity, and that the feedback strategy was useful in prioritizing questionnaires. Overall, it can be concluded that tailored questionnaires may be appropriate for use in organizational intervention research and more broadly that evaluations of organizational interventions need to be contextually grounded

The Oscillation Between Individual and Social Processes

Contemporary approaches to the study of design teams tend to assume that teamwork is entirely social, thereby failing to examine the extent to which design team processes involve the assumed joint attention and social collaboration. Nowadays mobile devices enable a situation where almost the entire design process is carried out in a team co-located setting, which allows for both individual and social creative processes during teamwork. In this perspective, this article explores the oscillation between co-located individual and social design activity. To study the shift from individual to social activity within design teamwork, we surveyed 23 hours of team activity amongst 25 high-school students by coding and analyzing captured video of their teamwork while working in a self-imposed manner on a design task. We found that different creative sub-processes, such as information search, problem defining, idea generation, decision-making, and feedback, foster different degrees of joint attention, and that the joint attention may be established more successfully through analogue and shared digital communicative resources