Umbilical endometriosis without previous pelvic surgery

OBJETIVO: apresentar série de casos de endometriose na cicatriz umbilical, em pacientes no menacme, sem cirurgias pélvicas prévias. MÉTODOS: foram incluídas no estudo quatro pacientes com idade entre 33 e 43 anos, com queixa de sangramento umbilical associado ou não a dor pélvica, com evolução de dois meses a quatro anos. A ultra-sonografia da parede abdominal foi utilizada para o diagnóstico, procedendo-se à exérese cirúrgica das lesões sugestivas de endometriose umbilical e confirmação anatomopatológica. RESULTADOS: as avaliações ultra-sonográficas das quatro pacientes evidenciaram imagens umbilicais hipoecogênicas compatíveis com a hipótese diagnóstica de endometriose e, assim, todas elas foram encaminhadas para exérese cirúrgica da lesão. A dosagem do marcador sérico CA-125 foi realizada em três das quatro pacientes, com níveis dentro da normalidade, variando de 6,8 a 10,1 U/mL. A concomitância de endometriose pélvica apenas foi confirmada em uma paciente. Durante o seguimento de um ano, as pacientes não apresentaram recidiva dos sintomas nem das lesões. CONCLUSÕES: a endometriose umbilical é uma entidade nosológica rara, mas que deve ser sempre lembrada quando da presença de nodulações ou sangramento umbilicais, ainda que não exista relato de cirurgia pélvica prévia com manipulação endometrial. Seu tratamento cirúrgico é, em geral, suficiente para a remissão total da lesão e dos sintomas.PURPOSE: to present a series of cases of umbilical endometriosis in patients in reproductive age, with no previous pelvic surgery. METHODS: four patients aged between 33 and 43 years were included in the study. They all presented umbilical bleeding associated or not with pelvic pain, and medical history varied from two months to four years. Abdominal wall ultrasound was performed for diagnosis support before surgical excision of the umbilical lesions, and histological examination was also performed. RESULTS: the ultrasonographic evaluation of the four patients showed hypoechogenic umbilical lesion suggestive of endometriosis. All patients were submitted to surgical excision and histological examination of the lesions. CA-125 serum levels were measured in three of the patients, but they were within normal ranges (from 6.8 to 10.1 U/mL). In addition to umbilical surgery, laparoscopy was performed in all patients, but only one presented concomitant pelvic endometriosis. In a one-year follow-up, patients maintained asymptomatic and there was no recurrence of the lesions. CONCLUSIONS: umbilical endometriosis is a rare entity, but it may be remembered as a possibility in cases of umbilical nodulations or bleeding, even if there is no previous history of pelvic surgery with endometrial manipulation. Its treatment is always surgical and, in general, it is enough to promote complete elimination of the lesion and of the symptoms

High prevalence of chronic pelvic pain in women in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil and direct association with abdominal surgery

INTRODUCTION: Chronic pelvic pain is a disease that directly affects the social and professional lives of women. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of this clinical condition and to identify independent factors associated with it in women living in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. METHODS: A one-year cross-sectional study was conducted in a population sample of 1,278 women over the age of 1,278 women over the age of 14 years. The target population was predominantly composed of women who are treated by the public health system. The questionnaire was administered by interviewers who were not linked to the city health care programs. The prevalence of the morbidity was estimated. First, we identified the significant variables associated with pelvic pain (p<0.10) and then we attributed values of 0 or 1 to the absence or presence of these variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify and estimate the simultaneous impact of the independent variables. The results were expressed by odds ratio and their 95% confidence interval with p<0.05. RESULTS: The disease was found in 11.5% (147/1,278) of the sample. The independent predictors were dyspareunia, previous abdominal surgery, depression, dysmenorrhea, anxiety, current sexual activity, low back pain, constipation, urinary symptoms, and low educational level. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of chronic pelvic pain in Ribeirão Preto is high and is associated with conditions that can usually be prevented, controlled, or resolved by improvement of public health policies and public education

Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar

Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (body mass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use

REDUÇÃO DE DANOS E SUA POTENCIALIDADE COMO FERRAMENTA ANTIRRACISTA NA ATENÇÃO PSICOSSOCIAL

Este ensaio reconstitui as imbricações da gênese da política sobre drogas no País com as ações racistas, associadas às políticas eugenistas e higienistas, tendo por alvo os segmentos negros, cujos padrões de consumo de substâncias psicoativas tenderam a ser remetidas para o campo jurídico ou médico, pautados no paradigma proibicionista, que se torna hegemônico. Tal modelo é tencionado, a partir dos anos 2000, pela redução de danos, baseada nos direitos humanos e na participação dos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde, que visibiliza o racismo em suas variadas matizes e sinaliza para a desconstrução do imaginário dominante. Contribui, assim, para densas inflexões epistemológicas, jurídicas, ético-política e assistenciais nas abordagens aos consumidores de substâncias psicoativas, o que a torna potencialmente uma ferramenta antirracista.DAMAGE REDUCTION AND ITS POTENTIAL AS AN ANTI-RACIST TOOL IN PSYCHOSOCIAL CAREAbstractThis essay reconstructs how the genesis of drug policy in the country overlaps with racist actions, associated with eugenic and hygienist policies, targeting the black segments, patterns of consumption of psychoactive substances tended to be referred to the legal or medical field, based on in the prohibitionist paradigm, which becomes hegemonic. From the 2000sonwards, this model is intended for harm reduction, based on human rights and on the participation of users of the Unified Health System, which makes racism visible in its various hues and signals the deconstruction of the dominant imagination. Thus, it contributes to dense epistemological, legal, ethical-political and assistance inflections in the approaches to psychoactive substance consumers, which potentially makes it an anti-racist tool.Keywords: Harmreduction; Racism; Anti-racism

Tratamento da endometriose Treatment of endometriosis

Apesar da grande heterogeneidade das manifestações clínicas relacionadas à endometriose, observa-se a sua elevada prevalência em mulheres inférteis e portadoras de dor pélvica crônica. O impacto sócio-econômico desta afecção enigmática é elevado e os dados relacionados à eficácia das diferentes abordagens terapêuticas descritas são bastante conflitantes. Assim, os objetivos do presente artigo são apresentar as evidências científicas disponíveis acerca das diferentes modalidades terapêuticas aplicáveis e estabelecer recomendações para o tratamento da infertilidade e da dor pélvica crônica relacionadas à endometriose. Em pacientes com endometriose mínima ou leve a supressão da função ovariana não é efetiva para melhorar a fertilidade, mas a ablação das lesões associadas à adesiólise parece ser mais efetiva do que a realização exclusiva da laparoscopia diagnóstica. Não há evidências suficientes para determinar se a excisão cirúrgica em casos de doença moderada ou severa melhoraria as taxas de gestação. A fertilização in vitro parece ser uma abordagem adequada, especialmente nos casos de coexistência de fatores de infertilidade e/ou falha de outras abordagens terapêuticas. Deve-se avaliar a possibilidade de usar agonistas do GnRH por 3 a 6 meses, previamente à realização de fertilização in vitro. Em relação ao alívio da dor, verifica-se que a supressão da função ovariana por 3 a 6 meses em pacientes com doença confirmada laparoscopicamente reduz a dor associada à endometriose. Todas as medicações estudadas parecem apresentar eficácia similar, embora os efeitos adversos e de os custos sejam diferentes. A ablação das lesões endometrióticas reduz a dor associada à endometriose, sendo menos efetiva nos casos de doença mínima. A exérese de endometriomas com diâmetro > 4 cm parece melhorar a taxa de fecundidade natural e após procedimentos de reprodução assistida, além de reduzir a dor e os riscos de recidiva. Por fim, é importante ressaltar que há muita controvérsia e que as recomendações acima descritas deverão ser revistas à medida que estudos clínicos randomizados, controlados e com casuística adequada gerarem evidências mais concretas e confiáveis.<br>Despite a wide heterogeneity of clinical manifestations related to endometriosis, a high prevalence of the disease is observed in infertile women and in those with chronic pelvic pain. This enigmatic condition has a high socioeconomic impact, and the described data regarding efficacy of the therapeutic approaches are quite conflicting. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to describe the available scientific evidence about the applicable therapeutic modalities and to provide recommendations for the treatment of infertility and the chronic pelvic pain related to endometriosis. Although suppression of ovarian function in patients with minimal or mild endometriosis is not effective in improving fertility, ablation of the lesions associated with adhesiolysis seems to be more effective than exclusive diagnostic laparoscopy. There is no sufficient evidence to determine whether surgical excision in cases of moderate or severe disease would improve the pregnancy rates. In vitro fertilization seems to be an adequate approach, especially in cases of coexistence of infertility factors and/or failure of other treatments. The possibility of using GnRH for 3 to 6 months before in vitro fertilization should be considered. Regarding pain relief, suppression of ovarian function for 3 to 6 months in patients with laparoscopically-confirmed disease reduces the pain associated with endometriosis. All studied medication seem to have similar efficacy, differing only in terms of adverse effects and costs. Ablation of endometriotic lesion reduces the pain associated with endometriosis, being less effective in cases of minimal disease. Exeresis of endometriomas with diameter > 4 cm seems to improve the rate of natural fecundity and the rate for ??? obtained after assisted reproduction procedures, in addition to reducing both pain and recurrence risk. Finally, it is important to emphasize that this subject is much controversial and the recommendations herein described should be revised as randomized controlled clinical trials with adequate casuistic generate more concrete and reliable evidence