Bibliografía [Cuadernos del Instituto Antonio de Nebrija de estudios sobre la Universidad. 2006, nº 9]

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Application of the DRAG Methodology to the Analysis of Road Safety in Spain and Evaluation of the Main Factors of Influence.

Application of the DRAG methodology to the analysis of road safety in Spain and evaluation of the main factors of influence

Relationship between handgrip strength and muscle mass in female survivors of breast cancer: A mediation analysis

This study explored the mediating factors of sarcopenia in a group of women survivors of breast cancer in Bogotá, Colombia. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study with 98 women survivors of breast cancer, who were registered with the SIMMON (Integrated Synergies to Improve Oncological Management in Colombia) Foundation. Body weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Body composition (percentage of fat and muscle mass) was evaluated via four-pole bioelectrical impedance analysis. Sarcopenia was defined as low muscle mass plus low grip strength or low gait speed (European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) criteria). A “causal” mediation analysis with the Baron and amp; Kenny procedure (PROCESS® macro, Columbus, OH, USA) was used to explore variables related to sarcopenia. Analyses were performed with the IBM SPSS 21 statistical package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The significance level of the results obtained in the hypothesis contrast was p and lt; 0.05. The mean age of the sample was 65.5 ± 5.9 years, with a BMI of 27.8 ± 4.7 kg/m2. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 22.4%. Linear regression models suggest a partial mediation of anthropometric parameters (body mass, body mass index and waist circumference) in the association between handgrip strength and muscle mass. In conclusion, one in every five women survivors of breast cancer had sarcopenia. The findings seem to emphasize the importance of obesity prevention in women survivors of breast cancer, suggesting that high handgrip strength may not relate closely to greater muscle mass and therefore would not exclude the risk of sarcopenia. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Puesto de formación tecnológico de sistemas de control y seguridad del automóvil

El origen de este proyecto es la necesidad de aportar a la mejora continua en los procesos de formación tecnológica de la asignatura sistemas de control y seguridad. Se ha planteado realizar el estudio dinámico de las variaciones realizadas a los sistemas de control y seguridad del automóvil mazda 626; entregar un puesto de formación donde se identifiquen los sistemas de control y seguridad y se analice la función de cada uno; validar que el modelo sea fácil de operar, ensamblar y desensamblar, así como que permite el análisis de fallas y desgastes. Se ha programado que su alcance sea a la comunidad estudiantil, industrial y los programas de educación continuada de la UNIECCI; los contenidos temáticos propios de la asignatura: sistema de frenos, sistema de dirección, sistema de suspensión. Finalmente el proyecto parte de las bases de la investigación formativa, desde el aula, dentro de la línea institucional de energía y transporte, tomando como idea iniciar validar si modificaciones en algunos sistemas del automóvil mejoran el rendimiento.LISTA DE ILUSTRACIONES GLOSARIO INTRODUCCION 1 TECNOLOGIA EN LOS SISTEMAS DE CONTROL Y SEGURIDAD EN EL VEHÍCULO MAZDA 626 12 EVOLUCION DEL MODELO MAZDA 626 12 ESPECIFICACIONES DEL VEHÍCULO 13 EJE DELANTERO 131Configuración general 132 Funciones y componentes del eje de tracción delantera 133 Operación del eje de tracción delantera 134 Ejes motores de longitud igual y desigual 135 Inconvenientes del eje de tracción delantera 14 EJE TRASERO 15 SISTEMA DE DIRECCION 151 Configuración general 152 Función y componentes sistema de dirección 153 Columna de dirección 154 Engranes y acoplamientos de dirección manual de piñón y cremallera 155 Componentes y operación del sistema de dirección hidráulica 16 SISTEMA DE FRENOS 161 Funciones y componentes del sistema 162 Principios hidráulicos 163 Principios de fricción 164 Distancia de frenado 165 Diseño y operación del sistema hidráulico de frenos 166 Diseño y operación del freno de disco 167 Diseño y operación del freno de tambor 168 Fluido de frenos 169 Tuberías y mangueras de freno 1610 Válvulas e interruptores de frenos 1611 Frenos de estacionamiento 17 SUSPENSION 171 Funciones y componentes del sistema de suspensión 172 Tipos y componentes del sistema de suspensión 173 Operación del sistema de suspensión 173 Sistemas de suspensión delantera 174 Sistemas de suspensión traseros 175 Características relacionadas con la suspensión 18 CARROCERIA 2 MODIFICACIONES EN LOS SISTEMAS DE CONTROL Y SEGURIDAD DEL AUTOMOVIL PARA MEJORAR SU RENDIMIENTO 21 SUSPENSION 211 Consejos para el montaje de los amortiguadores para conducción deportiva 213 Elementos internos de un amortiguador que mejoran su desempeño 214 Modificaciones a los amortiguadores hidráulicos de serie para aumentar su desempeño 215 Muelles de la suspensión 216 Mesas de la suspensión 217 Barras estabilizadoras 218 Barras de torsión 219 Procedimientos para mejorar el sistema de suspensión 22 DIRECCION 23 FRENOS 231 Modificaciones del sistema de frenos 232 Mordazas de freno 233 Mordazas de pistones con diámetro diferencial 234 Discos de frenos 235 Pastillas de frenos 236 Modificación del sistema de frenos de tambor 237 Conversión de tambor a disco 238 Bomba de freno 239 Líneas de freno 2310 Líquido de frenos 2311 Pedales y palancas de accionamiento 24Ruedas 241 Aros de las ruedas 242 Neumáticos 25 Jaulas de seguridad (Roll bar) 251 Clasificaciones de jaulas de seguridad 3 ESPECIFICACIONES GENERALES 31 CALCULOS DE LA SUSPENSION TIPO MACPHERSON 311 Análisis de la suspensión 312 Análisis cinético y sistemático del sistema de frenos 313 Análisis final Roll bar BIBLIOGRAFIAPregradoTecnólogo en Mecánica AutomotrizTecnología en Mecánica Automotri

The validity of incremental exercise testing in discriminating of physiological profiles in elite runners

The goal of this study was to determine whether traditional ergoespirometric incremental exercise testing carried out to the point of exhaustion could be useful in distinguishing the physiological profiles of elite runners that compete in races that lasted about 8 minutes versus those that lasted about 2 hours. Ten male marathon runners (performance time: 2:12:04, coefficient of variation (CV) = 2.33%) and 8 male 3000 m steeplechase runners (performance time: 8:37.83, CV = 2.12%) performed an incremental test on the treadmill (starting speed 10 km. h–1; increments, 2 km. h–1; increment duration, 3 min to exhaustion). Heart rate (HR), VO2 , and lactate concentrations were measured at the end of each exercise level. At maximal effort, there were no differences between the groups regarding VO2max and maximal HR; however, the workload time, vVO2max and peak treadmill velocity were significantly higher in the 3000m steeplechase group (p<0.05). At submaximal effort, there were no significant differences between groups for VO2 (ml.kg–1.min–1), HR, or lactate. Our results show that this type of testing was not sufficient for discriminating the physiological profiles of elite runners who competed in middle-distance versus long-distance events (e.g. in the marathon and the 3000 m steeplechase

Liver Fat Content and Body Fat Distribution in Youths with Excess Adiposity

This study had two main objectives: To examine the association between body fat distribution and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver fat content, and to determine whether the relationship between NAFLD and regional body fat distribution, with respect to liver fat content in youths with excess adiposity, is independent of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and a healthy diet. Liver fat content (controlled attenuation parameter (CAP)), body fat distribution (body mass index (BMI) z-score, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, fat mass/height, body fat percentage, total fat mass, android-to-gynoid fat mass ratio, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and lean mass index, determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)), CRF (20-m shuttle-run test), and healthy diet (adherence to the Mediterranean diet by KIDMED questionnaire) were measured in 126 adolescents (66% girls) aged between 11 and 17 years. Participants were assigned to two groups according to the presence or absence of hepatic steatosis (CAP values >225 dB/m or 30% by DXA), youths with NAFLD had higher fat distribution parameters than those without NAFLD, regardless of sex, age, puberty stage, lean mass index, CRF, and healthy diet (p 0.05), except for the case of VAT. Body fat distribution parameters were higher in youths with NAFLD compared to those without NAFLD. Additionally, body fat distribution showed a significant association with liver fat content as assessed by CAP in youths with NAFLD independent of CRF and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, supporting the notion that upper body fat distribution might play a pivotal role in the development of NAFLD in adolescents. These results may have implications for the clinical management of youths with excess adiposity given the high prevalence of NAFLD in children and young adults

Capacidad aeróbica y riesgo cardiovascular futuro en comunidad indígena de una zona de bajos ingresos del Cauca, Colombia

Antecedentes: varios estudios indican que los niveles de capacidad aeróbica de los niños son predictores del riesgo futuro de enfermedades no transmisibles. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la proporción de sujetos cuya capacidad aeróbica es indicativa de riesgo cardiovascular futuro en la comunidad indio-nasa de una zona de bajos ingresos del Cauca, Colombia. Métodos: se realizó un análisis transversal del componente morfológico (talla, peso, índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia de la cintura, pliegue cutáneo del tríceps, pliegue cutáneo subescapular y porcentaje de grasa corporal [BF%]) y el componente cardiorrespiratorio (curso- navette 20 m, prueba de carrera en lanzadera y estimación del consumo máximo de oxígeno por VO2máx indirecto) de 576 participantes (319 niños y 257 niñas) de 10 a 17,9 años, utilizando la batería de prueba estandarizada FUPRECOL. Resultados: Demostramos que los niños se desempeñaron mejor que las niñas en aptitud cardiorrespiratoria. La proporción de sujetos con capacidad aeróbica indicativa de riesgo cardiovascular futuro fue del 7,3%. Por sexo, el 3,8% de los chicos y el 11,7% de las chicas (X2 p = 0,001) presentaron una capacidad aeróbica no saludable en este estudio. Conclusión: Los hallazgos de este estudio proporcionan los primeros datos sobre la salud de la capacidad aeróbica de niños y adolescentes indígenas nasa colombianos de 10 a 17,9 años. Aunque la conocida pérdida de capacidad aeróbica es una consecuencia grave del riesgo futuro de enfermedades no transmisibles, el deterioro de la aptitud física merece una mayor atención entre la población indígena.Background: Several studies indicates that children’s aerobic capacity levels are predictors of the future risk of non-communicable diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the proportion of subjects whose aerobic capacity is indicative of future cardiovascular risk in Indian-Nasa community from a low-income area in Cauca, Colombia. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of morphological component (height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold, and body fat percent [BF%]), and the cardiorespiratory component (course-navette 20 m, shuttle run test and estimation of maximal oxygen consumption by indirect VO2max) from 576 participants (319 boys and 257 girls) aged 10 to 17.9 years, using the standardized FUPRECOL test battery. Results: We showed that the boys performed better than the girls in cardiorespiratory fitness. The proportion of subjects with an aerobic capacity indicative of future cardiovascular risk was 7.3%. By sex, 3.8% of boys and 11.7% of girls (X2 p = 0.001) displayed an unhealthy aerobic capacity in this study. Conclusion: The findings of this study that provide the first data on aerobic capacity health for Colombian Nasa Indian children and adolescents aged 10–17.9 years. Although the known loss of aerobic capacity is a serious consequence of the future risk of non-communicable diseases, the deterioration of physical fitness deserves increased attention among indigenous population

Liver Fat Content and Body Fat Distribution in Youths with Excess Adiposity

This study had two main objectives: To examine the association between body fat distribution and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver fat content, and to determine whether the relationship between NAFLD and regional body fat distribution, with respect to liver fat content in youths with excess adiposity, is independent of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and a healthy diet. Liver fat content (controlled attenuation parameter (CAP)), body fat distribution (body mass index (BMI) z-score, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, fat mass/height, body fat percentage, total fat mass, android-to-gynoid fat mass ratio, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and lean mass index, determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)), CRF (20-m shuttle-run test), and healthy diet (adherence to the Mediterranean diet by KIDMED questionnaire) were measured in 126 adolescents (66% girls) aged between 11 and 17 years. Participants were assigned to two groups according to the presence or absence of hepatic steatosis (CAP values >=225 dB/m or <225 dB/m of liver fat, respectively). Considering the similar total fat values for the two groups (>30% by DXA), youths with NAFLD had higher fat distribution parameters than those without NAFLD, regardless of sex, age, puberty stage, lean mass index, CRF, and healthy diet (p < 0.01). In the non-NAFLD group, the association between hepatic fat and fat distribution parameters presented a similar pattern, although the association was statistically insignificant after adjusting for a potential confounding variable (ps > 0.05), except for the case of VAT. Body fat distribution parameters were higher in youths with NAFLD compared to those without NAFLD. Additionally, body fat distribution showed a significant association with liver fat content as assessed by CAP in youths with NAFLD independent of CRF and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, supporting the notion that upper body fat distribution might play a pivotal role in the development of NAFLD in adolescents. These results may have implications for the clinical management of youths with excess adiposity given the high prevalence of NAFLD in children and young adults.The HEPAFIT Study was carried out with the financial support of Instituto Colombiano para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y la Tecnología “Francisco José de Caldas” COLCIENCIAS (contract code 59700 and no. 122277757900). K.G.-R. received a scholarship from the Universidad del Rosario, Colombia, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, to do a Doctorate. R.R.-V. received funding from Convocatoria de Comité de Becas 2017, Universidad del Rosario, Colombia. M.I. is granted in part by a research grant PI17/01814 of the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (ISCIII, FEDER). The content of this paper reflects the authors’ views alone, and the Colombian Community and COLCIENCIAS are not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein

Some Like It Hot: Maternal-Switching With Climate Change Modifies Formation of Invasive Spartina Hybrids

Climate change can induce temporary, spatial or behavioral changes in species, so that only some species can adapt to the new climatic conditions. In the case of invasive species, it is expected that they will be promoted in a context of global change, given their high tolerance to environmental factors and phenotypic plasticity. Once in the invaded range, these species can hybridize with native species thus introducing their genotype in the native biota. However, the effects that climate change will have on this process of invasion by hybridization remain unclear. We evaluated the historical establishment of the reciprocal hybrids between the native Spartina maritima and the invasive S. densiflora in the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Iberian Peninsula) and we related it to climatic changes during the period 1955–2017. Our results showed that, according to their dating based on their rate of lateral expansion rates, the establishment of S. maritima × densiflora and S. densiflora × maritima in the Gulf of Cadiz has occurred in the last two centuries and has been related to changes in air temperature and rainfall during the flowering periods of their parental species, with antagonist impacts on both hybrids. Thus, the hybrid S. densiflora × maritima has been established in years with mild ends of spring and beginning of summer when the flowering of S. maritima lengthened and its pollen production was higher, and it coincided with the beginning of the flowering period of S. densiflora. Moreover, the establishment of this hybrid was related to higher spring/summer rainfalls, probably due to the reduction in salinity in middle marshes. However, the hybrid S. maritima × densiflora, was established mainly in warmer spring/summers in which the proportion of pollen:ovule of S. maritima was reduced favoring its pollination by S. densiflora. As a consequence of the promotion of S. maritima × densiflora with climate change, the native and endangered species S. maritima would be threatened, as both taxa share the same habitat and the hybrid shows a remarkably higher competitive potential

Grip Strength Moderates the Association between Anthropometric and Body Composition Indicators and Liver Fat in Youth with an Excess of Adiposity

Paediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the most common early driver of chronic liver disease. The aim of this study was to examine whether grip strength moderates the association between anthropometric and body composition parameters and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), an indicator of fat deposits in the liver, in children and adolescents with excess of adiposity. A total of 127 adolescents (67% girls) aged between 11 and 17, attending two public schools in Bogota (Colombia), who had an axiological evaluation of obesity were included in this study. A grip strength test was assessed as an indicator of muscular strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness by maximal oxygen uptake was assessed using the 20 m shuttle-run test. Waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), fat mass, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (cm(3)) were included as anthropometric and body composition measures. CAP was determined with a FibroScan((R)) 502 Touch device (Echosens, Paris, France). The anthropometric and body composition parameters including WC, WHtR, fat mass, and VAT were positively associated with the CAP (range = 0.423 to 0.580), slightly reduced after being adjusted for handgrip strength/weight. The Johnson-Neyman technique revealed a significant inverse relationship between WC, WHtR, VAT, and CAP when grip strength normalized by body mass was above but not equal to or below 0.475 (8.1% of the sample), 0.469 (8.9% of the sample), and 0.470 (8.5% of the sample), respectively. In conclusion, grip strength adjusted by body mass, has a moderating effect on the association between anthropometric and body composition parameters (including WC, WHtR, and VAT) and CAP in in children and adolescents with excess of adiposity, suggesting the importance of promoting muscular strength during paediatric population in order to prevent NAFLD