Effects of resistance training on the inflammatory response

Resistance training (RT) is associated with reduced risk of low grade inflammation related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The majority of the data studying cytokines and exercise comes from endurance exercise. In contrast, evidence establishing a relationship between RT and inflammation is more limited. This review focuses on the cytokine responses both following an acute bout, and after chronic RT. In addition, the effect of RT on low grade systemic inflammation such as individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes is reviewed. Cytokines are secreted proteins that influence the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of immune cells and other organ systems. Cytokines function as intracellular signals and almost all cells in the body either secrete them or have cytokine receptors. Thus, understanding cytokine role in a specific physiological situation such as a bout of RT can be exceedingly complex. The overall effect of long term RT appears to ameliorate inflammation, but the specific effects on the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha are not clear, requiring further research. Furthermore, it is critical to differentiate between chronically and acute Interleukin-6 levels and its sources. The intensity of the RT and the characteristics of the training protocol may exert singular cytokine responses and as a result different adaptations to exercise. More research is needed in the area of RT in healthy populations, specifically sorting out gender and age RT acute responses. More importantly, studies are needed in obese individuals who are at high risk of developing low grade systemic inflammatory related diseases. Assuring adherence to the RT program is essential to get the benefits after overcoming the first acute RT responses. Hence RT could be an effective way to prevent, and delay low grade systemic inflammatory related diseases

Enkele invloeden van de internationalisatie op de dagelijkse praktijk van het grote Nederlandse accountantskantoor

Enkele invloeden van de internationalisatie op de dagelijkse praktijk van het grote Nederlandse accountantskantoo

Cloud Radiative Impact on Antarctic Ice Shelves

An accurate prediction of global sea-level rise requires that the cause of recent and intensifying glacier acceleration along the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) coastal margins is understood. Ice shelf thinning and abrupt ice shelf collapse have been linked to surface melt that is prevalent across coastal Antarctica. Primarily, surface melt is determined by the surface energy balance (SEB) which is regulated locally by clouds. Clouds regulate the amount of radiation received by the surface, with competing cloud warming and cloud cooling effects.With the CloudSat-CALIPSO satellites, cloud observations have become available for a large spatial grid, providing an AIS wide observational based dataset. In combination with the regional climate model RACMO2, a state-of-the art hybrid dataset is constructed with both high temporal and spatial resolution as well as good cloud representation. Simulations with the snow model SNOWPACK are performed to investigate the response of the ice shelves to seasonal cloud forcing, comparing an all-sky scenario to a clear-sky scenario. In the clear-sky scenario only cloud radiative effects are been removed, with the aid of neural networks. Results show that clouds have a warming effect for each season of the year with an average 16.5 W/m2 and its minimum in summer. However, daytime cloud cooling effects are shown to have more impact on meltwater production. As a result, clouds reduce melt by 23.9 ± 10.3 Gt/yr which could impact ice shelf instability. On the other hand, the cloud radiative warming more directly increases sublimation mass loss by 34.7 ± 15.6 Gt/yr. The results express the need for accurate future cloud regime predictions when predicting future AIS contributions to sea level rise.Geoscience and Remote Sensin

Synthese van methionine bevattende peptiden via de sulfoxiden: Substance P and Motiline

Applied SciencesApplied Science