CONTROL BIOLÓGICO DE GARRAPATA (Boophilus spp.) CON DIFERENTES CEPAS DE Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin EN BOVINOS

With the objective of analyzing four strains of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschincoff) Sorokin used to control ticks of the genus Boophilus spp., two tick strains were selected for their assessment during their adult phase on parasitized calves. A completely randomized design with six treatments and ten repetitions was used. In this phase, the PLH and CH 93-3 strains showed the greatest effectiveness, so they were evaluated as adult ticks on calves that had been previously parasitized; during the in vivo test, a completely randomized design was used, with four treatments (the two strains selected, one chemical compound and a water-based placebo), and eight repetitions. The results showed that the two strains evaluated presented an effectiveness of 50% with regard to the chemical product.Con el objetivo de evaluar cuatro cepas del hongo Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschincoff) Sorokin para el control garrapatas del género Boophilus spp., se seleccionaron dos cepas de garrapatas para su evaluación en su fase adulta sobre terneros parasitados. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, con seis tratamientos y diez repeticiones. En esta fase las cepas PLH y CH 93-3 fueron las que mostraron la mayor efectividad, por lo que fueron evaluadas en garrapatas adultas sobre terneros previamente parasitados; en la prueba in vivo se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar, cuatro tratamientos (Las dos cepas seleccionadas, un compuesto químico y un placebo a base de agua) y ocho repeticiones. Los resultados mostraron que las dos cepas evaluadas presentaron una efectividad del 50% con respecto al producto químico

Ruminal degradation of the dry matter of the cuajilote fruit (Parmentiera edulis) [Degradaci�n ruminal de la materia seca del fruto cuajilote (Parmentiera edulis)]

This study had the aim to estimate the ruminal degradability and kinetic degradative of the dry matter (MS) of the cuajilote fruit (Parmentiera edulis DC) in three states of maturity collected during the dry season in a humid warm climate region of the coast at Chiapas state, Mexico, to analyze its forage potential. The technique of nylon bag was applied with heifers permanently fissured of rumen (being used like experimental units) that grazed star of Africa grass and a supplementation with 400 g/d of concentrate (grain of ground sorghum, paste of soya and minerals). They were incubated in rumen, 5 g of ground of cuajilote sample (chilillos, green, and mature) in nylon bags (large: 10 x 5 cm and pore: 52 ?) in periods of 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. The treatments (maturity states) were distributed in a completely random design with four repetitions by treatment. The disappearance of the MS (DISMS, %) of the chilillos was twice greater (P<0.001) than the green, although smaller than the DISMS of the mature fruit. The type of MS fluctuated (P<0,001) depending on the maturity state, showing that degradable MS and soluble MS were more elevated in the mature fruit, followed by the chilillos and the greens (14,6 and 7.3 vs. 1,5%, as well as 29,3, 25,2 vs. 15,7%, respectively). On the other side, the degradable MS of the mature fruit begins to degrade more rapidly (0.0, 1.6, and 1.8 h for mature, chilillos, and greens, respectively) and a faster rate than the chilillos or greens (0.04 vs 0.03). The potential digestibility of the MS (%) was higher (P<0.05) in mature fruit (43.9) than the chilillos (32.0) and the greens (17.2). The same tendency appeared for the effective degradability. It is concluded that the MS of the mature fruit showed more availability of ruminal degradation than the chilillos and the greens, but the dry matter of this fruit showed a low ruminal availability indicating that it is not a material that can replace tropical forages

Ruminal degradation of the dry matter of the cuajilote fruit (Parmentiera edulis) [Degradación ruminal de la materia seca del fruto cuajilote (Parmentiera edulis)]

This study had the aim to estimate the ruminal degradability and kinetic degradative of the dry matter (MS) of the cuajilote fruit (Parmentiera edulis DC) in three states of maturity collected during the dry season in a humid warm climate region of the coast at Chiapas state, Mexico, to analyze its forage potential. The technique of nylon bag was applied with heifers permanently fissured of rumen (being used like experimental units) that grazed star of Africa grass and a supplementation with 400 g/d of concentrate (grain of ground sorghum, paste of soya and minerals). They were incubated in rumen, 5 g of ground of cuajilote sample (chilillos, green, and mature) in nylon bags (large: 10 x 5 cm and pore: 52 μ) in periods of 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. The treatments (maturity states) were distributed in a completely random design with four repetitions by treatment. The disappearance of the MS (DISMS, %) of the chilillos was twice greater (P<0.001) than the green, although smaller than the DISMS of the mature fruit. The type of MS fluctuated (P<0,001) depending on the maturity state, showing that degradable MS and soluble MS were more elevated in the mature fruit, followed by the chilillos and the greens (14,6 and 7.3 vs. 1,5%, as well as 29,3, 25,2 vs. 15,7%, respectively). On the other side, the degradable MS of the mature fruit begins to degrade more rapidly (0.0, 1.6, and 1.8 h for mature, chilillos, and greens, respectively) and a faster rate than the chilillos or greens (0.04 vs 0.03). The potential digestibility of the MS (%) was higher (P<0.05) in mature fruit (43.9) than the chilillos (32.0) and the greens (17.2). The same tendency appeared for the effective degradability. It is concluded that the MS of the mature fruit showed more availability of ruminal degradation than the chilillos and the greens, but the dry matter of this fruit showed a low ruminal availability indicating that it is not a material that can replace tropical forages

The evolutionary history of Mimosa (Leguminosae): toward a phylogeny of the sensitive plants

Premise of the study: Large genera provide remarkable opportunities to investigate patterns of morphological evolution and historical biogeography in plants. A molecular phylogeny of the species-rich and morphologically and ecologically diverse genus Mimosa was generated to evaluate its infrageneric classification, reconstruct the evolution of a set of morphological characters, and establish the relationships of Old World species to the rest of the genus. • Methods: We used trnD-trnT plastid sequences for 259 species of Mimosa (ca. 50% of the total) to reconstruct the phylogeny of the genus. Six morphological characters (petiolar nectary, inflorescence type, number of stamens, number of petals, pollen type, and seismonasty) were optimized onto the molecular tree. • Key results: Mimosa was recovered as a monophyletic clade nested within the Piptadenia group and includes the former members of Schrankia, corroborating transfer of that genus to Mimosa. Although we found good support for several infrageneric groups, only one section (Mimadenia) was recovered as monophyletic. All but one of the morphological characters analyzed showed high levels of homoplasy. High levels of geographic structure were found, with species from the same area tending to group together in the phylogeny. Old World species of Mimosa form a monophyletic clade deeply nested within New World groups, indicating recent (6-10 Ma) long-distance dispersal. • Conclusions: Although based on a single plastid region, our results establish a preliminary phylogenetic framework for Mimosa that can be used to infer patterns of morphological evolution and relationships and which provides pointers toward a revised infrageneric classification

Progress in multinational collaborative studies on the beneficial association between Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii and rice

This chapter summarized our collaborative project for natural, intimate association between rhizobia and rice (Oryza sativa), assess their impact on plant growth, and ultimately exploit those that can enhance grain yield with less dependence on nitrogen fertilizer inputs