The influence of portal blood upon lipid metabolism in normal and diabetic dogs and baboons

It has been reported that hyperlipidemia can be alleviated in human beings with an end to side portacaval shunt. Understanding the mechanism of the effect has important implications, including the possibility of devising other ways of lowering serum lipid levels. In this investigation, the influence of splanchnic venous blood on lipid metabolism was evaluated in dogs and baboons by altering the portal venous inflow to all, or portions, of the liver and by measuring the effects on different end points, including the serum lipid concentrations and the rate of hepatic lipid synthesis. In other studies, analyses have been made regarding the effect of alloxan induced insulinopenia and of total pancreatectomy on these processes. The results indicate that the effect of complete portal diversion upon serum lipids is mainly due to diversion of the hormone rich venous return from the upper splanchnic organs, although the bypass of the nutritionally rich blood returning from the intestines may play a secondary role. Therefore, a reduction of hepatic lipid synthesis is an important, although not necessarily the sole, factor in the antilipidemic influence of portacaval shunt. The effects upon synthesis and blood lipids are due more to the diversion of endogenous hormones than to the bypass of intestinal nutrients. The substances in portal venous blood that subserve hepatic lipid metabolism are presumably largely the same as the hepatotrophic factors which have been described before as profoundly affecting hepatic structure, function, and the capacity for regeneration. These portal blood factors are multiple and interrelated, but the single most important one seems to be insulin

Suitability of Nafada Gypsum for the Production of Jute Fibre Reinforced Plasterboards

High demand for Plaster of Paris (POP) in the Nigeria building industry, particularly within the north-east geopolitical zone has made local procurement of the raw gypsum inevitable. The study was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of gypsum from Nafada mining site, one of the northeast rich gypsum deposits with an estimated reserve of 751,728.00 metric tons. Sample of gypsum from the site was obtained and its physical and chemical properties were determined. It was calcined into POP in an oven between 115o C (240o F) and 200o C (392oF). The ratio of water: plaster was adopted as 200ml/400g with impact resistance as 7.9mm and flexural strength as 4.72N/mm2. Absorption tests were carried out to ascertain the viability of the mineral in POP production. 0.5% of sisal fiber showed lower rate of 25.4% water absorbency. The result confirmed that Nafada gypsum is suitable for the production of POP for use in plasterboards, with jute fibre as reinforcing material.Key words: Nafada gypsum; Plaster of Paris; Building

STUDI IMPLEMENTASI JARINGAN WIRELESS MESHNETWORKMENGGUNAKANPROTOKOL ROUTING OLSR

Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) is a set of two or more nodes which consist of mesh routers and mesh clients. Mesh routers have the functionality as internet gateway and bridge, so it may be to combine WMN with other networks such as the Internet, GSM, and WiMAX. Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) is an alternative option from network application of a wireless network and has several excesses compared with the WLAN network and ad-hoc network which commonly used at this time. WMN has several advantages such as self-organized, self-healing and self-configured so that the network application WMN is easy to implement. There are several routing protocols that can be used in WMN, OLSR is one of the many used. OLSR is a proactive routing protocol, which is always up to date via the network packet sending periodic control. The purpose of this research is to implement network WMN on one particular area, and further testing is done and QoS measurement of the value that is owned by the network. This measurement is done based on the number of hop that skipped in the process of sending data. Results of research indicate that the use of application WMN can extend wireless network coverage area significantly. Results of this research also shows the change in the quality of the decreased throughput, transaction rate and response time from the network WMN implemented. These changes occur based on the number of hop that skipped in the process of sending data packets

The Meaning of Color and Its Symbol of Strength in the Exhibition” 17/71: Goresan Juang Kemerdekaan"

The exhibition 17/71 with the theme ” Goresan Juang Kemerdekaan” or “The Scratch for Independent Struggles” was held from the 1

Differential expression of cold- and diet-specific genes encoding two carp liver delta 9-acyl-CoA desaturase isoforms.

Carp respond to cold by the upregulated expression of Delta9-acyl-CoA desaturase. Here we report the cloning and characterization of Cds2, a second Delta9-acyl CoA-desaturase expressed in carp liver. Both Cds1 and Cds2 complemented the ole1 mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, permitting the synthesis of delta9-monounsaturates, confirming their identity as delta9-desaturases. We demonstrate that under a standard feeding regime it is the Cds2, and not Cds1, transcript that is transiently upregulated during the first few days of cooling from 30 degrees C to 10 degrees C, the period when cold-induced membrane restructuring occurs. Cds2 exists as two differentially spliced transcripts, differing by a small segment from the 3'-untranslated region, the ratio of which varies with temperature. Feeding a diet enriched in saturated fats produced a fourfold increase in Cds1 transcript levels, which was blocked by cooling to 15 degrees C. Cds2 transcript levels, however, showed no substantial response to the saturated diet. Thus carp liver uniquely expresses two isoforms of delta9-acyl CoA desaturase, possibly formed by a recent duplication event, that are differentially regulated by cooling and dietary treatment

The effect of diabetes mellitus on portal blood hepatotrophic factors in dogs

Ten nondiabetic dogs were submitted to a procedure called splanchnic division which directed the nutrient rich venous return from the intestines into the left lobes of the liver and the hormone rich pancreatico gastroduodeno splenic venous return into the right lobes. Two mth later, the right lobes had undergone the expected gross and microscopic hypertrophy. Compared with the abnormal shrunken and glycogen depleted hepatocytes of the left lobes, the large and otherwise normal hepatocytes of the right lobes had a higher rate of cell division as judged by microscopic examination, measurements of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and the results of autoradiography. Both sides had greater cell replication than in the livers of normal unaltered dogs. The dominance of the right lobes following splanchnic division was almost completely eliminated by the prior creation of alloxan induced diabetes in 4 dogs and by the performance of total pancreatectomy at the same time as splanchnic division in 6 dogs. In these 10 diabetic dogs, which were treated with Sc administered insulin for the 2 mth period of the postoperative study, hepatic lobar and cell size were nearly equal on both sides. By light and electron microscopy, the hepatocytes on both sides had abnormalities, somewhat less pronounced on the right. However, the most active cell division was now transferred to the left lobes. The results with alloxan induced diabetes were similar to those after total pancreatectomy, except that lipid deposits were less on both liver sides in the alloxan experiments, and the glycogen was selectively reduced in the right lobes. The latter finding presumably was due to the continued action of glucagon in dogs made diabetic with alloxan. 12 nondiabetic dogs had a procedure called partial portacaval transposition which directed systemic venous blood from the hindquarters, kidneys and adrenal glands into the left lobes of the liver and the total splanchnic venous return into the right lobes. Two mth later, the degree of relative hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the glycogen rich right lobes was even greater than after splanchnic division, as was the morphologic damage to the left lobar hepatocytes. The degree of right lobar hypertrophy following partial portacaval transposition was reduced but not eliminated by pre existing alloxan induced diabetes in 4 dogs and by concomitant total pancreatectomy in 6 more dogs. The dogs were Sc treated with insulin. Structurally, the hepatocytes on the right side after 2 mth were in better condition than were those on the left, although both were abnormal. The dominance of cell division on the right side was reduced, as judged by standard microscopy and by autoradiography, but there was not a shifting of sides. The biochemical analyses reflected the presence or absence of glucagon. These findings are consistent with the earlier multifactorial hypothesis which holds that portal hepatotrophic factors are mainly interreacting hormones generated by splanchnic organs and delivered straight to the liver and that the hormone interrelationships might have augmented significance because of the high concentration of nutritional substrate in the same venous blood. The observations also substantiate by direct testing the suggestion that insulin is the most important hepatotrophic factor and that it profoundly affects many aspects of liver cell structure, division and function

Tuning aerosol particle size distribution of metered dose inhalers using cosolvents and surfactants

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of these studies was to understand the influence of cosolvent and surfactant contributions to particle size distributions emitted from solution metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) based on the propellant HFA 227. METHODS: Two sets of formulations were prepared: (a) pMDIs-HFA 227 containing cosolvent (5-15% w/w ethanol) with constant surfactant (pluronic) concentration and (b) pMDIs-HFA 227 containing surfactant (0-5.45% w/w pluronic) with constant cosolvent concentration. Particle size distributions emitted from these pMDIs were analyzed using aerodynamic characterization (inertial impaction) and laser diffraction methods. RESULTS: Both cosolvent and surfactant concentrations were positively correlated with median particle sizes; that is, drug particle size increased with increasing ethanol and pluronic concentrations. However, evaluation of particle size distributions showed that cosolvent caused reduction in the fine particle mode magnitude while the surfactant caused a shift in the mode position. These findings highlight the different mechanisms by which these components influence droplet formation and demonstrate the ability to utilize the different effects in formulations of pMDI-HFA 227 for independently modulating particle sizes in the respirable region. CONCLUSION: Potentially, the formulation design window generated using these excipients in combination could be used to match the particle size output of reformulated products to preexisting pMDI products